Continued from EC 5.1.3 and EC 5.1.99
Accepted name: maleate isomerase
Reaction: maleate = fumarate
Systematic name: maleate cis-trans-isomerase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9023-74-9
References:
1. Behrman, E.J. and Stanier, R.Y. The bacterial oxidation of nicotinic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 228 (1957) 923-945.
Accepted name: maleylacetoacetate isomerase
Reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): maleylacetoacetic isomerase; maleylacetone isomerase; maleylacetone cis-trans-isomerase
Systematic name: 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase
Comments: Also acts on maleylpyruvate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9023-75-0
References:
1. Edwards, S.W. and Knox, W.E. Homogentisate metabolism: the isomerization of methylacetoacetate by an enzyme which requires glutathione. J. Biol. Chem. 220 (1956) 79-91.
2. Lack, L. Enzymic cis-trans isomerization of maleylpyruvic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 236 (1961) 2835-2840.
3. Seltzer, S. Purification and properties of maleylacetone cis-trans isomerase from Vibrio 01. J. Biol. Chem. 248 (1973) 215-222. [PMID: 4692831]
[EC 5.2.1.3 Deleted entry: retinal isomerase. Now known to be catalysed by a pathway involving EC 1.1.1.300, NADP-retinol dehydrogenase; EC 2.3.1.135, phosphatidylcholine—retinol O-acyltransferase; EC 3.1.1.64, retinoid isomerohydrolase; and EC 1.1.1.315, 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase. (EC 5.2.1.3 created 1961, modified 1976, deleted 2011)]
Accepted name: maleylpyruvate isomerase
Reaction: 3-maleylpyruvate = 3-fumarylpyruvate
Systematic name: 3-maleylpyruvate cis-trans-isomerase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 9023-77-2
References:
1. Lack, L. Enzymic cis-trans isomerization of maleylpyruvic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 236 (1961) 2835-2840.
Accepted name: linoleate isomerase
Reaction: 9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoate = 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate
Other name(s): linoleic acid isomerase
Systematic name: linoleate Δ12-cis-Δ11-trans-isomerase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 37318-41-5
References:
1. Kepler, C.R. and Tove, S.B. Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. III. Purification and properties of linoleate Δ12-cis, Δ11-trans-isomerase from Butyrivibrio fibrosolvens. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967) 5686-5692.
Accepted name: furylfuramide isomerase
Reaction: (E)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide = (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide
Systematic name: 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide cis-trans-isomerase
Comments: Requires NADH.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 72561-07-0
References:
1. Tomoeda, M. and Kitamura, R. A cis-trans isomerising activity of Escherichia coli. Isomerization from 2-(2-furyl)-3-cis-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (furylfuramide) to its trans isomer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 480 (1977) 315-325. [PMID: 12827]
[EC 5.2.1.7 Transferred entry: retinol isomerase. Transferred to EC 3.1.1.64, retinoid isomerohydrolase. (EC 5.2.1.7 created 1989, deleted 2011)]
Accepted name: peptidylprolyl isomerase
Reaction: peptidylproline (ω=180) = peptidylproline (ω=0)
Glossary: For definition of ω, click here
Other name(s): PPIase; cyclophilin [misleading, see comments]; peptide bond isomerase; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase
Systematic name: peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerase
Comments: The first type of this enzyme found [1] proved to be the protein cyclophilin, which binds the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A. Other distinct families of the enzyme exist, one being FK-506 binding proteins (FKBP) and another that includes parvulin from Escherichia coli. The three families are structurally unrelated and can be distinguished by being inhibited by cyclosporin A, FK-506 and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, respectively.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, PDB, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 95076-93-0
References:
1. Fischer, G. and Bang, H. The refolding of urea-denatured ribonuclease A is catalyzed by peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 828 (1985) 39-42. [PMID: 3882150]
2. Fischer, G., Bang, H. and Mech, C. [Determination of enzymatic catalysis for the cis-trans-isomerization of peptide binding in proline-containing peptides]. Biomed. Biochim. Acta 43 (1984) 1101-1111. [PMID: 6395866]
3. Fischer, G., Wittmann-Liebold, B., Lang, K., Kiefhaber, T. and Schmid, F.X. Cyclophilin and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase are probably identical proteins. Nature 337 (1989) 476-478. [PMID: 2492638]
4. Takahashi, N., Hayano, T. and Suzuki, M. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase is the cyclosporin A-binding protein cyclophilin. Nature 337 (1989) 473-475. [PMID: 2644542]
5. Hennig, L., Christner, C., Kipping, M., Schelbert, B., Rucknagel, K.P., Grabley, S., Kullertz, G. and Fischer, G. Selective inactivation of parvulin-like peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases by juglone. Biochemistry 37 (1998) 5953-5960. [PMID: 9558330]
6. Fischer, G. Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases and their effectors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33 (1994) 1415-1436.
7. Harrison, R.K. and Stein, R.L. Substrate specificities of the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activities of cyclophilin and FK-506 binding protein: evidence for the existence of a family of distinct enzymes. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 3813-3816. [PMID: 1693856]
8. Eisenmesser, E.Z., Bosco, D.A., Akke, M. and Kern, D. Enzyme dynamics during catalysis. Science 295 (2002) 1520-1523. [PMID: 11859194 ]
Accepted name: farnesol 2-isomerase
Reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesol = 2-cis,6-trans-farnesol
For reaction pathway click here.
Other name(s): farnesol isomerase
Systematic name: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesol 2-cis-trans-isomerase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 94047-16-2
References:
1. Anastasis, P., Freer, I., Gilmore, C., Mackie, H., Overton, K., Picken, D. and Swanson, S. Biosynthesis of γ-bisabolene in tissue-cultures of Andrographis paniculata. Can. J. Chem. 62 (1984) 2079-2088.
Accepted name: 2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase
Reaction: cis-2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide = trans-2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide
Other name(s): 2-chlorocarboxymethylenebutenolide isomerase; chlorodienelactone isomerase
Systematic name: 2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide cis-trans-isomerase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 115629-29-3
References:
1. Schwien, U., Schmidt, E., Knackmuss, H.-J. and Reinecke, W. Degradation of chlorosubstituted aromatic-compounds by Pseudomonas sp. strain-B13 - fate of 3,5-dichlorocatechol. Arch. Microbiol. 150 (1988) 78-84.
[EC 5.2.1.11 Deleted entry: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde-oxime isomerase. The existence of this enzyme has been called into question by one of the authors of the reference cited (EC 5.2.1.11 created 1992, deleted 2005)]
Accepted name: ζ-carotene isomerase
Reaction: 9,15,9'-tricis-ζ-carotene = 9,9'-dicis-ζ-carotene
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): Z-ISO; 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase
Systematic name: 9,15,9'-tricis-ζ-carotene cis-trans-isomerase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the cis-trans isomerization of the 15-15' carbon-carbon double bond in 9,15,9'-tricis-ζ-carotene, which is required for biosynthesis of all plant carotenoids. Requires heme b.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Chen, Y., Li, F. and Wurtzel, E.T. Isolation and characterization of the Z-ISO gene encoding a missing component of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Plant Physiol. 153 (2010) 66-79. [PMID: 20335404]
2. Li, F., Murillo, C. and Wurtzel, E.T. Maize Y9 encodes a product essential for 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerization. Plant Physiol. 144 (2007) 1181-1189. [PMID: 17434985]
3. Beltran, J., Kloss, B., Hosler, J.P., Geng, J., Liu, A., Modi, A., Dawson, J.H., Sono, M., Shumskaya, M., Ampomah-Dwamena, C., Love, J.D. and Wurtzel, E.T. Control of carotenoid biosynthesis through a heme-based cis-trans isomerase. Nat. Chem. Biol. 11 (2015) 598-605. [PMID: 26075523]
Accepted name: prolycopene isomerase
Reaction: 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene = all-trans-lycopene
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: prolycopene = 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene
Other name(s): CRTISO; carotene cis-trans isomerase; ZEBRA2 (gene name); carotene isomerase; carotenoid isomerase
Systematic name: 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene cis-trans-isomerase
Comments: Requires FADH2 [1]. The enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Yu, Q., Ghisla, S., Hirschberg, J., Mann, V. and Beyer, P. Plant carotene cis-trans isomerase CRTISO: a new member of the FADred-dependent flavoproteins catalyzing non-redox reactions. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 8666-8676. [PMID: 21209101]
2. Li, Q., Farre, G., Naqvi, S., Breitenbach, J., Sanahuja, G., Bai, C., Sandmann, G., Capell, T., Christou, P. and Zhu, C. Cloning and functional characterization of the maize carotenoid isomerase and β-carotene hydroxylase genes and their regulation during endosperm maturation. Transgenic Res. 19 (2010) 1053-1068. [PMID: 20221689]
3. Isaacson, T., Ronen, G., Zamir, D. and Hirschberg, J. Cloning of tangerine from tomato reveals a carotenoid isomerase essential for the production of β-carotene and xanthophylls in plants. Plant Cell 14 (2002) 333-342. [PMID: 11884678]
4. Chai, C., Fang, J., Liu, Y., Tong, H., Gong, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Qian, Q., Cheng, Z. and Chu, C. ZEBRA2, encoding a carotenoid isomerase, is involved in photoprotection in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 75 (2011) 211-221. [PMID: 21161331]
Accepted name: β-carotene isomerase
Reaction: all-trans-β-carotene = 9-cis-β-carotene
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): DWARF27 (gene name)
Systematic name: β-carotene 9-cis-all-trans isomerase
Comments: The enzyme participates in a pathway leading to biosynthesis of strigolactones, plant hormones involved in promotion of symbiotic associations known as arbuscular mycorrhiza.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Lin, H., Wang, R., Qian, Q., Yan, M., Meng, X., Fu, Z., Yan, C., Jiang, B., Su, Z., Li, J. and Wang, Y. DWARF27, an iron-containing protein required for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, regulates rice tiller bud outgrowth. Plant Cell 21 (2009) 1512-1525. [PMID: 19470589]
2. Alder, A., Jamil, M., Marzorati, M., Bruno, M., Vermathen, M., Bigler, P., Ghisla, S., Bouwmeester, H., Beyer, P. and Al-Babili, S. The path from β-carotene to carlactone, a strigolactone-like plant hormone. Science 335 (2012) 1348-1351. [PMID: 22422982]