Accepted name: xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase
Reaction: xyloglucan + H2O = xyloglucan oligosaccharides
Other name(s): XEG; xyloglucan endo-β-1,4-glucanase; xyloglucanase; xyloglucanendohydrolase; XH; 1,4-β-D-glucan glucanohydrolase
Systematic name: [(1→6)-α-D-xylo]-(1→4)-β-D-glucan glucanohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme for Aspergillus aculeatus is specific for xyloglucan and does not hydrolyse other cell-wall components. The reaction involves endohydrolysis of 1,4-β-D-glucosidic linkages in xyloglucan with retention of the β-configuration of the glycosyl residues.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 76901-10-5
References:
1. Pauly, M., Andersen, L.N., Kaupinnen, S., Kofod, L.V., York, W.S., Albersheim, P. and Darvill, A. A xyloglucan specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus: expression cloning in yeast, purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Glycobiology 9 (1999) 93-100. [PMID: 9884411]
2. Grishutin, S.G., Gusakov, A.V., Markov, A.V., Ustinov, B.B., Semenova, M.V. and Sinitsyn, A.P. Specific xyloglucanases as a new class of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1674 (2004) 268-281. [PMID: 15541296]
Accepted name: mannosylglycoprotein endo-β-mannosidase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of the α-D-mannosyl-(1→6)-β-D-mannosyl-(1→4)-β-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1→4)-β-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequence of glycoprotein to α-D-mannosyl-(1→6)-D-mannose and β-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1→4)-β-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequences
Other name(s): endo-β-mannosidase
Comments: The substrate group is a substituent on N-4 of an asparagine residue in the glycoprotein. The mannose residue at the non-reducing end of the sequence may carry further α-D-mannosyl groups on O-3 or O-6, but such a substituent on O-3 of the β-D-mannosyl group prevents the action of the enzyme. The enzyme was obtained from the lily, Lilium longiflorum.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 141176-95-6
References:
1. Ishimizu, T., Sasaki, A., Okutani, S., Maeda, M., Yamagishi, M. and Hase, S. Endo-β-mannosidase, a plant enzyme acting on N-glycan. Purification, molecular cloning, and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 38555-38562. [PMID: 15247239]
2. Sasaki, A., Yamagishi, M., Mega, T., Norioka, S., Natsuka, S. and Hase, S. Partial purification and characterization of a novel endo-β-mannosidase acting on N-linked sugar chains from Lilium longiflorum thumb. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 125 (1999) 363-367. [PMID: 9990135]
Accepted name: fructan β-(2,1)-fructosidase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (2→1)-linked β-D-fructofuranose residues in fructans
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): β-(2-1)-D-fructan fructohydrolase; β-(2-1)fructan exohydrolase; inulinase; 1-FEH II; 1-fructan exohydrolase; 1-FEH w1; 1-FEH w2; β-(2-1)-linkage-specific fructan-β-fructosidase
Systematic name: β-(2,1)-D-fructan fructohydrolase
Comments: Possesses one of the activities of EC 3.2.1.80, fructan β-fructosidase. While the best substrates are the inulin-type fructans, such as 1-kestose (β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside) and 1,1-nystose (β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside), some (but not all) levan-type fructans can also be hydrolysed, but more slowly [see EC 3.2.1.154, fructan β-(2,6)-fructosidase]. Sucrose, while being a very poor substrate, can substantially inhibit enzyme activity in some cases.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 1000593-08-7
References:
1. De Roover, J., Van Laere, A., De Winter, M., Timmermans, J.W. and Van den Ende, W. Purification and properties of a second fructan exohydrolase from the roots of Cichorium intybus. Physiol. Plant. 106 (1999) 28-34.
2. Van den Ende, W., Clerens, S., Vergauwen, R., Van Riet, L., Van Laere, A., Yoshida, M. and Kawakami, A. Fructan 1-exohydrolases. β-(2,1)-Trimmers during graminan biosynthesis in stems of wheat? Purification, characterization, mass mapping, and cloning of two fructan 1-exohydrolase isoforms. Plant Physiol. 131 (2003) 621-631. [PMID: 12586886]
Accepted name: fructan β-(2,6)-fructosidase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (2→6)-linked β-D-fructofuranose residues in fructans
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): β-(2-6)-fructan exohydrolase; levanase; 6-FEH; β-(2,6)-D-fructan fructohydrolase
Systematic name: (2→6)-β-D-fructan fructohydrolase
Comments: Possesses one of the activities of EC 3.2.1.80, fructan β-fructosidase. While the best substrates are the levan-type fructans such as 6-kestotriose [β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside] and 6,6-kestotetraose [β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside], some (but not all) inulin-type fructans can also be hydrolysed, but more slowly [cf. EC 3.2.1.153, fructan β-(2,1)-fructosidase). Sucrose, while being a very poor substrate, can substantially inhibit enzyme activity in some cases.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 1000597-62-5
References:
1. Marx, S.P., Nösberger, J. and Frehner, M. Hydrolysis of fructan in grasses: A β-(2-6)-linkage specific fructan-β-fructosidase from stubble of Lolium perenne. New Phytol. 135 (1997) 279-290.
2. Van den Ende, W., De Coninck, B., Clerens, S., Vergauwen, R. and Van Laere, A. Unexpected presence of fructan 6-exohydrolases (6-FEHs) in non-fructan plants: characterization, cloning, mass mapping and functional analysis of a novel 'cell-wall invertase-like' specific 6-FEH from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Plant J. 36 (2003) 697-710. [PMID: 14617070]
3. Henson, C.A. and Livingston, D.P., III. Purification and characterization of an oat fructan exohydrolase that preferentially hydrolyzes β-2,6-fructans. Plant Physiol. 110 (1996) 639-644.
Accepted name: xyloglucan-specific endo-processive β-1,4-glucanase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of (1→4)-D-glucosidic linkages in xyloglucans so as to successively remove oligosaccharides from the newly-formed chain end after endo-initiation on a polymer molecule
Other name(s): Cel74A; [(1→6)-α-D-xylo]-(1→4)-β-D-glucan exo-glucohydrolase (ambiguous); xyloglucan-specific exo-β-1,4-glucanase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: [(1→6)-α-D-xylo]-(1→4)-β-D-glucan endo-processive glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme removes branched oligosaccharides, containing preferentially four glucoside residues in the main chain, from xyloglucan molecules in a processive manner after the initial endo-type attack on a polysaccharide [1-5]. Hydrolysis occurs at either the unsubstituted D-glucopyranose residue in the main backbone and/or the D-glucopyranose residue bearing a xylosyl group [1-5]. The enzyme does not display activity, or shows very low activity, towards other β-D-glucans [1,2,4,5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 1000598-79-7
References:
1. Grishutin, S.G., Gusakov, A.V., Markov, A.V., Ustinov, B.B., Semenova, M.V. and Sinitsyn, A.P. Specific xyloglucanases as a new class of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1674 (2004) 268-281. [PMID: 15541296]
2. Ichinose, H., Araki, Y., Michikawa, M., Harazono, K., Yaoi, K., Karita, S. and Kaneko, S. Characterization of an endo-processive-type xyloglucanase having a β-1,4-glucan-binding module and an endo-type xyloglucanase from Streptomyces avermitilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 (2012) 7939-7945. [PMID: 22941084]
3. Matsuzawa, T., Saito, Y. and Yaoi, K. Key amino acid residues for the endo-processive activity of GH74 xyloglucanase. FEBS Lett. 588 (2014) 1731-1738. [PMID: 24657616]
4. Arnal, G., Stogios, P.J., Asohan, J., Skarina, T., Savchenko, A. and Brumer, H. Structural enzymology reveals the molecular basis of substrate regiospecificity and processivity of an exemplar bacterial glycoside hydrolase family 74 endo-xyloglucanase. Biochem. J. 475 (2018) 3963-3978. [PMID: 30463871]
5. Arnal, G., Stogios, P.J., Asohan, J., Attia, M.A., Skarina, T., Viborg, A.H., Henrissat, B., Savchenko, A. and Brumer, H. Substrate specificity, regiospecificity, and processivity in glycoside hydrolase family 74. J. Biol. Chem. 294 (2019) 13233-13247. [PMID: 31324716]
6. Gusakov, A.V. Additional sequence and structural characterization of an endo-processive GH74 xyloglucanase from Myceliophthora thermophila and the revision of the EC 3.2.1.155 entry. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1864 (2020) 129511. [PMID: 31911243]
Accepted name: oligosaccharide reducing-end xylanase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-xylose residues from the reducing end of oligosaccharides
Other name(s): Rex; reducing end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase
Systematic name: β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranose reducing-end xylanase
Comments: The enzyme, originally isolated from the bacterium Bacillus halodurans C-125, releases the xylose unit at the reducing end of oligosaccharides ending with the structure β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranose, leaving the new reducing end in the α configuration. It is specific for the β anomers of xylooligosaccharides whose degree of polymerization is equal to or greater than 3. The penultimate residue must be β-D-xylopyranose, but replacing either of the flanking residues with glucose merely slows the rate greatly.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 879497-03-7
References:
1. Honda, Y. and Kitaoka, M. A family 8 glycoside hydrolase from Bacillus halodurans C-125 (BH2105) is a reducing end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 55097-55103. [PMID: 15491996]
2. Fushinobu, S., Hidaka, M., Honda, Y., Wakagi, T., Shoun, H. and Kitaoka, M. Structural basis for the specificity of the reducing end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase from Bacillus halodurans C-125. J. Biol. Chem. 2005 Feb 17 [Epub ahead of print] [PMID: 15718242]
Accepted name: ι-carrageenase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-linkages between D-galactose 4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose-2-sulfate in ι-carrageenans
For diagram, click here
Glossary: In the field of oligosaccharides derived from agarose, carrageenans, etc., in which alternate residues are 3,6-anhydro sugars, the prefix 'neo' designates an oligosaccharide whose non-reducing end is the anhydro sugar, and the absence of this prefix means that it is not.
For example:
ι-neocarrabiose = 3,6-anhydro-2-O-sulfo-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose
ι-carrabiose = 4-O-sulfo-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-3,6-anhydro-2-O-sulfo-D-galactose
Systematic name: ι-carrageenan 4-β-D-glycanohydrolase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The main products of hydrolysis are ι-neocarratetraose sulfate and ι-neocarrahexaose sulfate. ι-Neocarraoctaose is the shortest substrate oligomer that can be cleaved. Unlike EC 3.2.1.81, β-agarase and EC 3.2.1.83, κ-carrageenase, this enzyme proceeds with inversion of the anomeric configuration. ι-Carrageenan differs from κ-carrageenan by possessing a sulfo group on O-2 of the 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose residues, in addition to that present in the κ-compound on O-4 of the D-galactose residues.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 50936-37-3
References:
1. Barbeyron, T., Michel, G., Potin, P., Henrissat, B. and Kloareg, B. ι-Carrageenases constitute a novel family of glycoside hydrolases, unrelated to that of κ-carrageenases. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 35499-35505. [PMID: 10934194]
2. Michel, G., Chantalat, L., Fanchon, E., Henrissat, B., Kloareg, B. and Dideberg, O. The ι-carrageenase of Alteromonas fortis. A β-helix fold-containing enzyme for the degradation of a highly polyanionic polysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 40202-40209. [PMID: 11493601]
3. Michel, G., Helbert, W., Kahn, R., Dideberg, O. and Kloareg, B. The structural bases of the processive degradation of ι-carrageenan, a main cell wall polysaccharide of red algae. J. Mol. Biol. 334 (2003) 421-433. [PMID: 14623184]
Accepted name: α-agarase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of 1,3-α-L-galactosidic linkages in agarose, yielding agarotetraose as the major product
Glossary: agarose = a linear polysaccharide produced by some members of the Rhodophyta (red algae) made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose residues joined by α-(1→3)- and β-(1→4)-linkages. In the field of oligosaccharides derived from agarose, carrageenans, etc., in which alternate residues are 3,6-anhydro sugars, the prefix ’neo’ designates an oligosaccharide whose non-reducing end is the anhydro sugar, and the absence of this prefix means that it is not.
For example:
neoagarobiose = 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-galactose
agarobiose = β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose
Other name(s): agarase (ambiguous); agaraseA33
Systematic name: agarose 3-glycanohydrolase
Comments: Requires Ca2+. The enzyme from Thalassomonas sp. can use agarose, agarohexaose and neoagarohexaose as substrate. The products of agarohexaose hydrolysis are dimers and tetramers, with agarotetraose being the predominant product, whereas hydrolysis of neoagarohexaose gives rise to two types of trimer. While the enzyme can also hydrolyse the highly sulfated agarose porphyran very efficiently, it cannot hydrolyse the related compounds κ-carrageenan (see EC 3.2.1.83) and ι-carrageenan (see EC 3.2.1.157) [2]. See also EC 3.2.1.81, β-agarase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 63952-00-1
References:
1. Potin, P., Richard, C., Rochas, C. and Kloareg, B. Purification and characterization of the α-agarase from Alteromonas agarlyticus (Cataldi) comb. nov., strain GJ1B. Eur. J. Biochem. 214 (1993) 599-607. [PMID: 8513809]
2. Ohta, Y., Hatada, Y., Miyazaki, M., Nogi, Y., Ito, S. and Horikoshi, K. Purification and characterization of a novel α-agarase from a Thalassomonas sp. Curr. Microbiol. 50 (2005) 212-216. [PMID: 15902469]
Accepted name: α-neoagaro-oligosaccharide hydrolase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of the 1,3-α-L-galactosidic linkages of neoagaro-oligosaccharides that are smaller than a hexamer, yielding 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and D-galactose
Glossary: In the field of oligosaccharides derived from agarose, carrageenans, etc., in which alternate residues are 3,6-anhydro sugars, the prefix 'neo' designates an oligosaccharide whose non-reducing end is the anhydro sugar, and the absence of this prefix means that it is not.
For example:
neoagarobiose = 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-galactose
agarobiose = β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose
Other name(s): α-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolase; α-NAOS hydrolase
Systematic name: α-neoagaro-oligosaccharide 3-glycohydrolase
Comments: When neoagarohexaose is used as a substrate, the oligosaccharide is cleaved at the non-reducing end to produce 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and agaropentaose, which is further hydrolysed to agarobiose and agarotriose. With neoagarotetraose as substrate, the products are predominantly agarotriose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. In Vibrio sp. the actions of EC 3.2.1.81, β-agarase and EC 3.2.1.159 can be used to degrade agarose to 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and D-galactose.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 60063-77-6
References:
1. Sugano, Y., Kodama, H., Terada, I., Yamazaki, Y. and Noma, M. Purification and characterization of a novel enzyme, α-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolase (α-NAOS hydrolase), from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain JT0107. J. Bacteriol. 176 (1994) 6812-6818. [PMID: 7961439]
[EC 3.2.1.160 Deleted entry: xyloglucan-specific exo-β-1,4-glucanase. The enzyme was shown to be identical to EC 3.2.1.155, xyloglucan-specific exo-β-1,4-glucanase, during the public-review process so was withdrawn before being made official. (EC 3.2.1.160 created 2006, deleted 2006)]
Accepted name: β-apiosyl-β-glucosidase
Reaction: 7-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]isoflavonoid + H2O = a 7-hydroxyisoflavonoid + β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose
Other name(s): isoflavonoid-7-O-β[D-apiosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucoside] disaccharidase; isoflavonoid 7-O-β-apiosyl-glucoside β-glucosidase; furcatin hydrolase
Systematic name: 7-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]isoflavonoid β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme from the tropical tree Dalbergia nigrescens Kurz belongs in glycosyl hydrolase family 1. The enzyme removes disaccharides from the natural substrates dalpatein 7-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside and 7-hydroxy-2',4',5',6-tetramethoxy-7-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (dalnigrein 7-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside) although it can also remove a single glucose residue from isoflavonoid 7-O-glucosides [2]. Daidzin and genistin are also substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 1000593-83-3
References:
1. Hosel, W. and Barz, W. β-Glucosidases from Cicer arietinum L. Purification and Properties of isoflavone-7-O-glucoside-specific β-glucosidases. Eur. J. Biochem. 57 (1975) 607-616. [PMID: 240725]
2. Chuankhayan, P., Hua, Y., Svasti, J., Sakdarat, S., Sullivan, P.A. and Ketudat Cairns, J.R. Purification of an isoflavonoid 7-O-β-apiosyl-glucoside β-glycosidase and its substrates from Dalbergia nigrescens Kurz. Phytochemistry 66 (2005) 1880-1889. [PMID: 16098548]
3. Ahn, Y.O., Mizutani, M., Saino, H. and Sakata, K. Furcatin hydrolase from Viburnum furcatum Blume is a novel disaccharide-specific acuminosidase in glycosyl hydrolase family 1. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 23405-23414. [PMID: 14976214]
Accepted name: λ-carrageenase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages in the backbone of λ-carrageenan, resulting in the tetrasaccharide α-D-Galp2,6S2-(1→3)-β-D-Galp2S-(1→4)-α-D-Galp2,6S2-(1→3)-D-Galp2S
For diagram click here.
Glossary: carrageenan
Other name(s): endo-β-1,4-carrageenose 2,6,2'-trisulfate-hydrolase
Systematic name: endo-(1→4)-β-carrageenose 2,6,2'-trisulfate-hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme from Pseudoalteromonas sp. is specific for λ-carrageenan. ι-Carrageenan (see EC 3.2.1.157, ι-carrageenase), κ-carrageenan (see EC 3.2.1.83, κ-carrageenase), agarose and porphyran are not substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Ohta, Y. and Hatada, Y. A novel enzyme, λ-carrageenase, isolated from a deep-sea bacterium. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 140 (2006) 475-481. [PMID: 16926183]
Accepted name: 1,6-α-D-mannosidase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of the 1,6-linked α-D-mannose residues in α-D-Manp-(1→6)-D-Manp
Systematic name: 1,6-α-mannosyl α-D-mannohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is specific for (1→6)-linked mannobiose and has no activity towards any other linkages, or towards p-nitrophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside or baker's yeast mannan. It is strongly inhibited by Mn2+ but does not require Ca2+ or any other metal cofactor for activity.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Athanasopoulos, V.I., Niranjan, K. and Rastall, R.A. The production, purification and characterisation of two novel α-D-mannosidases from Aspergillus phoenicis. Carbohydr. Res. 340 (2005) 609-617. [PMID: 15721331]
Accepted name: galactan endo-1,6-β-galactosidase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of (1→6)-β-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactan proteins and (1→3):(1→6)-β-galactans to yield galactose and (1→6)-β-galactobiose as the final products
Other name(s): endo-1,6-β-galactanase; endo-β-(1→6)-galactanase
Comments: The enzyme specifically hydrolyses 1,6-β-D-galactooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) higher than 3, and their acidic derivatives with 4-O-methylglucosyluronate or glucosyluronate groups at the non-reducing terminals [2]. 1,3-β-D- and 1,4-β-D-galactosyl residues cannot act as substrates. The enzyme can also hydrolyse α-L-arabinofuranosidase-treated arabinogalactan protein (AGP) extracted from radish roots [2,3]. AGPs are thought to be involved in many physiological events, such as cell division, cell expansion and cell death [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Brillouet, J.-M., Williams, P. and Moutounet, M. Purification and some properties of a novel endo-β-(1→6)-D-galactanase from Aspergillus niger. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55 (1991) 1565-1571.
2. Okemoto, K., Uekita, T., Tsumuraya, Y., Hashimoto, Y. and Kasama, T. Purification and characterization of an endo-β-(1→6)-galactanase from Trichoderma viride. Carbohydr. Res. 338 (2003) 219-230. [PMID: 12543554]
3. Kotake, T., Kaneko, S., Kubomoto, A., Haque, M.A., Kobayashi, H. and Tsumuraya, Y. Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a Trichoderma viride endo-β-(1→6)-galactanase gene. Biochem. J. 377 (2004) 749-755. [PMID: 14565843]
Accepted name: exo-1,4-β-D-glucosaminidase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of chitosan or chitosan oligosaccharides to remove successive D-glucosamine residues from the non-reducing termini
Glossary: GlcN = D-glucosamine = 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose
GlcNAc = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Other name(s): CsxA; GlcNase; exochitosanase; GlmA; exo-β-D-glucosaminidase
Systematic name: chitosan exo-(1→4)-β-D-glucosaminidase
Comments: Chitosan is a partially or totally N-deacetylated chitin derivative that is found in the cell walls of some phytopathogenic fungi and comprises D-glucosamine residues with a variable content of GlcNAc residues [4]. Acts specifically on chitooligosaccharides and chitosan, having maximal activity on chitotetraose, chitopentaose and their corresponding alcohols [1]. The enzyme can degrade GlcN-GlcNAc but not GlcNAc-GlcNAc [3]. A member of the glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH-2) [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Nanjo, F., Katsumi, R. and Sakai, K. Purification and characterization of an exo-β-D-glucosaminidase, a novel type of enzyme, from Nocardia orientalis. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 10088-10094. [PMID: 2351651]
2. Nogawa, M., Takahashi, H., Kashiwagi, A., Ohshima, K., Okada, H. and Morikawa, Y. Purification and characterization of exo-β-D-glucosaminidase from a cellulolytic fungus, Trichoderma reesei PC-3-7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (1998) 890-895. [PMID: 16349528]
3. Fukamizo, T., Fleury, A., Côté, N., Mitsutomi, M. and Brzezinski, R. Exo-β-D-glucosaminidase from Amycolatopsis orientalis: catalytic residues, sugar recognition specificity, kinetics, and synergism. Glycobiology 16 (2006) 1064-1072. [PMID: 16877749]
4. Côté, N., Fleury, A., Dumont-Blanchette, E., Fukamizo, T., Mitsutomi, M. and Brzezinski, R. Two exo-β-D-glucosaminidases/exochitosanases from actinomycetes define a new subfamily within family 2 of glycoside hydrolases. Biochem. J. 394:675 (2006). [PMID: 16316314]
5. Ike, M., Isami, K., Tanabe, Y., Nogawa, M., Ogasawara, W., Okada, H. and Morikawa, Y. Cloning and heterologous expression of the exo-β-D-glucosaminidase-encoding gene (gls93) from a filamentous fungus, Trichoderma reesei PC-3-7. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72 (2006) 687-695. [PMID: 16636831]
Accepted name: heparanase
Reaction: endohydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-glycosidic bonds of heparan sulfate chains in heparan sulfate proteoglycan
Other name(s): Hpa1 heparanase; Hpa1; heparanase 1; heparanase-1; C1A heparanase; HPSE
Systematic name: heparan sulfate N-sulfo-D-glucosamine endoglucanase
Comments: Heparanase cleaves the linkage between a glucuronic acid unit and an N-sulfo glucosamine unit carrying either a 3-O-sulfo or a 6-O-sulfo group [2]. Heparanase-1 cuts macromolecular heparin into fragments of 5000-20000 Da [5]. The enzyme cleaves the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans from proteoglycan core proteins and degrades them to small oligosaccharides. Inside cells, the enzyme is important for the normal catabolism of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, generating glycosaminoglycan fragments that are then transported to lysosomes and completely degraded. When secreted, heparanase degrades basement membrane heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans at sites of injury or inflammation, allowing extravasion of immune cells into nonvascular spaces and releasing factors that regulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Bame, K.J. Heparanases: endoglycosidases that degrade heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Glycobiology 11 (2001) 91R-98R. [PMID: 11445547]
2. Peterson, S.B. and Liu, J. Unraveling the specificity of heparanase utilizing synthetic substrates. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 14504-14513. [PMID: 20181948]
3. Pikas, D.S., Li, J.P., Vlodavsky, I. and Lindahl, U. Substrate specificity of heparanases from human hepatoma and platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 18770-18777. [PMID: 9668050]
4. Okada, Y., Yamada, S., Toyoshima, M., Dong, J., Nakajima, M. and Sugahara, K. Structural recognition by recombinant human heparanase that plays critical roles in tumor metastasis. Hierarchical sulfate groups with different effects and the essential target disulfated trisaccharide sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 42488-42495. [PMID: 12213822]
5. Vreys, V. and David, G. Mammalian heparanase: what is the message. J Cell Mol Med 11 (2007) 427-452. [PMID: 17635638]
6. Gong, F., Jemth, P., Escobar Galvis, M.L., Vlodavsky, I., Horner, A., Lindahl, U. and Li, J.P. Processing of macromolecular heparin by heparanase. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 35152-35158. [PMID: 12837765]
7. Toyoshima, M. and Nakajima, M. Human heparanase. Purification, characterization, cloning, and expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 24153-24160. [PMID: 10446189]
8. Miao, H.Q., Navarro, E., Patel, S., Sargent, D., Koo, H., Wan, H., Plata, A., Zhou, Q., Ludwig, D., Bohlen, P. and Kussie, P. Cloning, expression, and purification of mouse heparanase. Protein Expr. Purif. 26 (2002) 425-431. [PMID: 12460766]
9. Hammond, E., Li, C.P. and Ferro, V. Development of a colorimetric assay for heparanase activity suitable for kinetic analysis and inhibitor screening. Anal. Biochem. 396 (2010) 112-116. [PMID: 19748475]
Accepted name: baicalin-β-D-glucuronidase
Reaction: baicalin + H2O = baicalein + D-glucuronate
Glossary: baicalin = 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone-7-O-β-D-glucuronate = 5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl β-D-glucupyranosiduronic acid
baicalein = 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone = 5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one
wogonin = 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone = 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one
oroxylin = 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone = 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
Other name(s): baicalinase
Systematic name: 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone-7-O-β-D-glucupyranosiduronate glucuronosylhydrolase
Comments: The enzyme also hydrolyses wogonin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide and oroxylin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide with lower efficiency [4]. Neglegible activity with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Ikegami, F., Matsunae, K., Hisamitsu, M., Kurihara, T., Yamamoto, T. and Murakoshi, I. Purification and properties of a plant β-D-glucuronidase form Scutellaria root. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18 (1995) 1531-1534. [PMID: 8593473]
2. Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, J. and Liang, X. Purification and characterization of baicalin-β-D-glucuronidase hydrolyzing baicalin to baicalein from fresh roots of Scutellaria viscidula Bge. Proc. Biochem. 40 (2005) 1911-1915.
3. Sasaki, K., Taura, F., Shoyama, Y. and Morimoto, S. Molecular characterization of a novel β-glucuronidase from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 27466-27472. [PMID: 10858442]
4. Morimoto, S., Harioka, T. and Shoyama, Y. Purification and characterization of flavone-specific β-glucuronidase from callus cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Planta 195 (1995) 535-540.
Accepted name: hesperidin 6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-β-D-glucosidase
Reaction: hesperidin + H2O = hesperitin + rutinose
Glossary: hesperitin = 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone
hesperidin = hesperitin 7-(6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside)
rutinose = 6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucose
Systematic name: hesperetin 7-(6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) 6-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme exhibits high specificity towards 7-O-linked flavonoid β-rutinosides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Mazzaferro, L., Piñuel, L., Minig, M. and Breccia, J.D. Extracellular monoenzyme deglycosylation system of 7-O-linked flavonoid β-rutinosides and its disaccharide transglycosylation activity from Stilbella fimetaria. Arch. Microbiol. 192 (2010) 383-393; 193 (2011) 461. [PMID: 20358178]
Accepted name: protein O-GlcNAcase
Reaction: (1) [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine + H2O = [protein]-L-serine + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
(2) [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)-L-theronine + H2O = [protein]-L-threonine + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Other name(s): OGA; glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase; O-GlcNAcase; BtGH84; O-GlcNAc hydrolase
Systematic name: [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine/threonine N-acetylglucosaminyl hydrolase
Comments: Within higher eukaryotes post-translational modification of protein serines/threonines with N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is dynamic, inducible and abundant, regulating many cellular processes by interfering with protein phosphorylation. EC 2.4.1.255 (protein O-GlcNAc transferase) transfers GlcNAc onto substrate proteins and EC 3.2.1.169 (protein O-GlcNAcase) cleaves GlcNAc from the modified proteins.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gao, Y., Wells, L., Comer, F.I., Parker, G.J. and Hart, G.W. Dynamic O-glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins: cloning and characterization of a neutral, cytosolic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human brain. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 9838-9845. [PMID: 11148210]
2. Wells, L., Gao, Y., Mahoney, J.A., Vosseller, K., Chen, C., Rosen, A. and Hart, G.W. Dynamic O-glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins: further characterization of the nucleocytoplasmic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, O-GlcNAcase. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 1755-1761. [PMID: 11788610]
3. Cetinbas, N., Macauley, M.S., Stubbs, K.A., Drapala, R. and Vocadlo, D.J. Identification of Asp174 and Asp175 as the key catalytic residues of human O-GlcNAcase by functional analysis of site-directed mutants. Biochemistry 45 (2006) 3835-3844. [PMID: 16533067]
4. Dennis, R.J., Taylor, E.J., Macauley, M.S., Stubbs, K.A., Turkenburg, J.P., Hart, S.J., Black, G.N., Vocadlo, D.J. and Davies, G.J. Structure and mechanism of a bacterial β-glucosaminidase having O-GlcNAcase activity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13 (2006) 365-371. [PMID: 16565725]
5. Kim, E.J., Kang, D.O., Love, D.C. and Hanover, J.A. Enzymatic characterization of O-GlcNAcase isoforms using a fluorogenic GlcNAc substrate. Carbohydr. Res. 341 (2006) 971-982. [PMID: 16584714]
6. Dong, D.L. and Hart, G.W. Purification and characterization of an O-GlcNAc selective N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase from rat spleen cytosol. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 19321-19330. [PMID: 8034696]
Accepted name: mannosylglycerate hydrolase
Reaction: 2-O-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)-D-glycerate + H2O = D-mannopyranose + D-glycerate
Other name(s): MgH
Systematic name: 2-O-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)-D-glycerate D-mannohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme occurs in thermophilic bacteria and has been characterized in Thermus thermophilus and Rubrobacter radiotolerans. It also has been identified in the moss Selaginella moellendorffii.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Alarico, S., Empadinhas, N. and da Costa, M.S. A new bacterial hydrolase specific for the compatible solutes α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-glycerate and α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-glycerate. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 52 (2013) 77-83. [PMID: 23273275]
2. Nobre, A., Empadinhas, N., Nobre, M.F., Lourenco, E.C., Maycock, C., Ventura, M.R., Mingote, A. and da Costa, M.S. The plant Selaginella moellendorffii possesses enzymes for synthesis and hydrolysis of the compatible solutes mannosylglycerate and glucosylglycerate. Planta 237 (2013) 891-901. [PMID: 23179444]
Accepted name: rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of α-D-GalA-(1→2)-α-L-Rha glycosidic bond in the rhamnogalacturonan I backbone with initial inversion of anomeric configuration releasing oligosaccharides with β-D-GalA at the reducing end.
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): rhamnogalacturonase A; RGase A; RG-hydrolase
Systematic name: rhamnogalacturonan α-D-GalA-(1→2)-α-L-Rha hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the degradation system for rhamnogalacturonan I in Aspergillus aculeatus.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Petersen, T.N., Kauppinen, S. and Larsen, S. The crystal structure of rhamnogalacturonase A from Aspergillus aculeatus: a right-handed parallel β helix. Structure 5 (1997) 533-544. [PMID: 9115442]
2. Kofod, L.V., Kauppinen, S., Christgau, S., Andersen, L.N., Heldt-Hansen, H.P., Dorreich, K. and Dalboge, H. Cloning and characterization of two structurally and functionally divergent rhamnogalacturonases from Aspergillus aculeatus. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 29182-29189. [PMID: 7961884]
3. Azadi, P., O'Neill, M.A., Bergmann, C., Darvill, A.G. and Albersheim, P. The backbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I is cleaved by an endohydrolase and an endolyase. Glycobiology 5 (1995) 783-789. [PMID: 8720076]
4. Petersen, T.N., Christgau, S., Kofod, L.V., Kauppinen, S., Johnson, A.H. and Larsen, S. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of rhamnogalacturonase A from Aspergillus aculeatus. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 53 (1997) 105-107. [PMID: 15299976]
5. Pitson, S.M., Mutter, M., van den Broek, L.A., Voragen, A.G. and Beldman, G. Stereochemical course of hydrolysis catalysed by α-L-rhamnosyl and α-D-galacturonosyl hydrolases from Aspergillus aculeatus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242 (1998) 552-559. [PMID: 9464254]
Accepted name: unsaturated rhamnogalacturonyl hydrolase
Reaction: 2-O-(4-deoxy-β-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranose + H2O = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate + L-rhamnopyranose
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: 6-deoxy-2-O-(4-deoxy-β-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl)-α-L-mannopyranose = 2-O-(4-deoxy-β-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranose
5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = (4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate
Other name(s): YteR; YesR
Systematic name: 2-O-(4-deoxy-β-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranose hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the degradation system for rhamnogalacturonan I in Bacillus subtilis strain 168.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Itoh, T., Ochiai, A., Mikami, B., Hashimoto, W. and Murata, K. A novel glycoside hydrolase family 105: the structure of family 105 unsaturated rhamnogalacturonyl hydrolase complexed with a disaccharide in comparison with family 88 enzyme complexed with the disaccharide. J. Mol. Biol. 360 (2006) 573-585. [PMID: 16781735]
2. Zhang, R., Minh, T., Lezondra, L., Korolev, S., Moy, S.F., Collart, F. and Joachimiak, A. 1.6 Å crystal structure of YteR protein from Bacillus subtilis, a predicted lyase. Proteins 60 (2005) 561-565. [PMID: 15906318]
3. Itoh, T., Ochiai, A., Mikami, B., Hashimoto, W. and Murata, K. Structure of unsaturated rhamnogalacturonyl hydrolase complexed with substrate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347 (2006) 1021-1029. [PMID: 16870154]
Accepted name: rhamnogalacturonan galacturonohydrolase
Reaction: Exohydrolysis of the α-D-GalA-(1→2)-α-L-Rha bond in rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharides with initial inversion of configuration releasing D-galacturonic acid from the non-reducing end of rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharides.
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): RG-galacturonohydrolase
Systematic name: rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharide α-D-GalA-(1→2)-α-L-Rha galacturonohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the degradation system for rhamnogalacturonan I in Aspergillus aculeatus.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Mutter, M., Beldman, G., Pitson, S.M., Schols, H.A. and Voragen, A.G. Rhamnogalacturonan α-D-galactopyranosyluronohydrolase. An enzyme that specifically removes the terminal nonreducing galacturonosyl residue in rhamnogalacturonan regions of pecti. Plant Physiol. 117 (1998) 153-163. [PMID: 9576784]
Accepted name: rhamnogalacturonan rhamnohydrolase
Reaction: Exohydrolysis of the α-L-Rha-(1→4)-α-D-GalA bond in rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharides with initial inversion of configuration releasing β-L-rhamnose from the non-reducing end of rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharides.
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): RG-rhamnohydrolase; RG α-L-rhamnopyranohydrolase
Systematic name: rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharide α-L-Rha-(1→4)-α-D-GalA rhamnohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the degradation system for rhamnogalacturonan I in Aspergillus aculeatus.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Pitson, S.M., Mutter, M., van den Broek, L.A., Voragen, A.G. and Beldman, G. Stereochemical course of hydrolysis catalysed by α-L-rhamnosyl and α-D-galacturonosyl hydrolases from Aspergillus aculeatus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242 (1998) 552-559. [PMID: 9464254]
2. Mutter, M., Beldman, G., Schols, H.A. and Voragen, A.G. Rhamnogalacturonan α-L-rhamnopyranohydrolase. A novel enzyme specific for the terminal nonreducing rhamnosyl unit in rhamnogalacturonan regions of pectin. Plant Physiol. 106 (1994) 241-250. [PMID: 7972516]
Accepted name: β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate β-glucosidase
Reaction: β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate + H2O = β-D-glucose + abscisate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): AtBG1; ABA-β-D-glucosidase; ABA-specific β-glucosidase; ABA-GE hydrolase; β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate hydrolase
Systematic name: β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme hydrolzes the biologically inactive β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of abscisic acid to produce active abscisate. Abscisate is a phytohormone critical for plant growth, development and adaption to various stress conditions. The enzyme does not hydrolyse β-D-glucopyranosyl zeatin [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Lee, K.H., Piao, H.L., Kim, H.Y., Choi, S.M., Jiang, F., Hartung, W., Hwang, I., Kwak, J.M., Lee, I.J. and Hwang, I. Activation of glucosidase via stress-induced polymerization rapidly increases active pools of abscisic acid. Cell 126 (2006) 1109-1120. [PMID: 16990135]
2. Kato-Noguchi, H. and Tanaka, Y. Effect of ABA-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester and activity of ABA-β-D-glucosidase in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Plant Physiol. 165 (2008) 788-790. [PMID: 17923167]
3. Dietz, K.J., Sauter, A., Wichert, K., Messdaghi, D. and Hartung, W. Extracellular β-glucosidase activity in barley involved in the hydrolysis of ABA glucose conjugate in leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 51 (2000) 937-944. [PMID: 10948220]
Accepted name: cellulose 1,4-β-cellobiosidase (reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and similar substrates, releasing cellobiose from the reducing ends of the chains.
Other name(s): CelS; CelSS; endoglucanase SS; cellulase SS; cellobiohydrolase CelS; Cel48A
Systematic name: 4-β-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (reducing end)
Comments: Some exocellulases, most of which belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 48 (GH48, formerly known as cellulase family L), act at the reducing ends of cellulose and similar substrates. The CelS enzyme from Clostridium thermocellum is the most abundant subunit of the cellulosome formed by the organism. It liberates cellobiose units from the reducing end by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond, employing an inverting reaction mechanism [2]. Different from EC 3.2.1.91, which attacks cellulose from the non-reducing end.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Barr, B.K., Hsieh, Y.L., Ganem, B. and Wilson, D.B. Identification of two functionally different classes of exocellulases. Biochemistry 35 (1996) 586-592. [PMID: 8555231]
2. Saharay, M., Guo, H. and Smith, J.C. Catalytic mechanism of cellulose degradation by a cellobiohydrolase, CelS. PLoS One 5 (2010) e1294. [PMID: 20967294]
Accepted name: α-D-xyloside xylohydrolase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α-D-xylose residues with release of α-D-xylose.
Other name(s): α-xylosidase
Systematic name: α-D-xyloside xylohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses hydrolysis of a terminal, unsubstituted xyloside at the extreme reducing end of a xylogluco-oligosaccharide. Representative α-xylosidases from glycoside hydrolase family 31 utilize a two-step (double-displacement) mechanism involving a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, and retain the anomeric configuration of the product.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Moracci, M., Cobucci Ponzano, B., Trincone, A., Fusco, S., De Rosa, M., van Der Oost, J., Sensen, C.W., Charlebois, R.L. and Rossi, M. Identification and molecular characterization of the first α -xylosidase from an archaeon. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 22082-22089. [PMID: 10801892]
2. Sampedro, J., Sieiro, C., Revilla, G., Gonzalez-Villa, T. and Zarra, I. Cloning and expression pattern of a gene encoding an α-xylosidase active against xyloglucan oligosaccharides from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126 (2001) 910-920. [PMID: 11402218]
3. Crombie, H.J., Chengappa, S., Jarman, C., Sidebottom, C. and Reid, J.S. Molecular characterisation of a xyloglucan oligosaccharide-acting α-D-xylosidase from nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) cotyledons that resembles plant 'apoplastic' α-D-glucosidases. Planta 214 (2002) 406-413. [PMID: 11859845]
4. Lovering, A.L., Lee, S.S., Kim, Y.W., Withers, S.G. and Strynadka, N.C. Mechanistic and structural analysis of a family 31 α-glycosidase and its glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 2105-2115. [PMID: 15501829]
5. Iglesias, N., Abelenda, J.A., Rodino, M., Sampedro, J., Revilla, G. and Zarra, I. Apoplastic glycosidases active against xyloglucan oligosaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 47 (2006) 55-63. [PMID: 16267099]
6. Okuyama, M., Kaneko, A., Mori, H., Chiba, S. and Kimura, A. Structural elements to convert Escherichia coli α-xylosidase (YicI) into α-glucosidase. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 2707-2711. [PMID: 16631751]
7. Larsbrink, J., Izumi, A., Ibatullin, F., Nakhai, A., Gilbert, H.J., Davies, G.J. and Brumer, H. Structural and enzymatic characterisation of a glycoside hydrolase family 31 α-xylosidase from Cellvibrio japonicus involved in xyloglucan saccharification. Biochem. J. 436 (2011) 567-580. [PMID: 21426303]
Accepted name: β-porphyranase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of β-D-galactopyranose-(1→4)-α-L-galactopyranose-6-sulfate linkages in porphyran
Other name(s): porphyranase; PorA; PorB; endo-β-porphyranase
Systematic name: porphyran β-D-galactopyranose-(1→4)-α-L-galactopyranose-6-sulfate 4-glycanohydrolase
Comments: The backbone of porphyran consists largely (~70%) of (1→3)-linked β-D-galactopyranose followed by (1→4)-linked α-L-galactopyranose-6-sulfate [the other 30% are mostly agarobiose repeating units of (1→3)-linked β-D-galactopyranose followed by (1→4)-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose] [2]. This enzyme cleaves the (1→4) linkages between β-D-galactopyranose and α-L-galactopyranose-6-sulfate, forming mostly the disaccharide α-L-galactopyranose-6-sulfate-(1→3)-β-D-galactose, although some longer oligosaccharides of even number of residues are also observed. Since the enzyme is inactive on the non-sulfated agarose portion of the porphyran backbone, some agarose fragments are also included in the products [1]. Methylation of the D-galactose prevents the enzyme from Zobellia galactanivorans, but not that from Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica, from binding at subsite -1 [2,3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hehemann, J.H., Correc, G., Barbeyron, T., Helbert, W., Czjzek, M. and Michel, G. Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota. Nature 464 (2010) 908-912. [PMID: 20376150]
2. Correc, G., Hehemann, J.H., Czjzek, M. and Helbert, W. Structural analysis of the degradation products of porphyran digested by Zobellia galactanivorans β-porphyranase A. Carbohydrate Polymers 83 (2011) 277-283.
3. Zhang, Y., Chang, Y., Shen, J., Mei, X. and Xue, C. Characterization of a novel porphyranase accommodating methyl-galactoses at its subsites. J. Agr. Food Chem. 68 (2020) 7032–7039. [PMID: 32520542]
Accepted name: gellan tetrasaccharide unsaturated glucuronosyl hydrolase
Reaction: β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-D-Glcp + H2O = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate + β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-D-Glcp
Glossary: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = (4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate
β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→3)-D-GalNAc = 3-(4-deoxy-β-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = 3-(4-deoxy-α-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose
Other name(s): UGL (ambiguous); unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase (ambiguous); gellan tetrasaccharide unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase
Systematic name: β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-D-Glcp β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme releases 4-deoxy-4(5)-unsaturated D-glucuronic acid from oligosaccharides produced by polysaccharide lyases, e.g. the tetrasaccharide β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-D-Glcp produced by EC 4.2.2.25, gellan lyase. The enzyme can also hydrolyse unsaturated chondroitin and hyaluronate disaccharides (β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→3)-D-GalNAc, β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→3)-D-GalNAc6S, β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp2S-(1→3)-D-GalNAc, β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→3)-D-GlcNAc), preferring the unsulfated disaccharides to the sulfated disaccharides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Itoh, T., Akao, S., Hashimoto, W., Mikami, B. and Murata, K. Crystal structure of unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase, responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycan, from Bacillus sp. GL1 at 1.8 Å resolution. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 31804-31812. [PMID: 15148314]
2. Hashimoto, W., Kobayashi, E., Nankai, H., Sato, N., Miya, T., Kawai, S. and Murata, K. Unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase of Bacillus sp. GL1: novel enzyme prerequisite for metabolism of unsaturated oligosaccharides produced by polysaccharide lyases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 368 (1999) 367-374. [PMID: 10441389]
3. Itoh, T., Hashimoto, W., Mikami, B. and Murata, K. Substrate recognition by unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase from Bacillus sp. GL1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 344 (2006) 253-262. [PMID: 16630576]
Accepted name: unsaturated chondroitin disaccharide hydrolase
Reaction: β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc6S + H2O = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate + N-acetyl-β-D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate
Other name(s): UGL (ambiguous); unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: β-D-4-deoxy-Δ4-GlcAp-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc6S hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme releases 4-deoxy-4,5-didehydro D-glucuronic acid or 4-deoxy-4,5-didehydro L-iduronic acid from chondroitin disaccharides, hyaluronan disaccharides and heparin disaccharides and cleaves both glycosidic (1→3) and (1→4) bonds. It prefers the sulfated disaccharides to the unsulfated disaccharides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Maruyama, Y., Nakamichi, Y., Itoh, T., Mikami, B., Hashimoto, W. and Murata, K. Substrate specificity of streptococcal unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolases for sulfated glycosaminoglycan. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 18059-18069. [PMID: 19416976]
2. Nakamichi, Y., Maruyama, Y., Mikami, B., Hashimoto, W. and Murata, K. Structural determinants in streptococcal unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase for recognition of glycosaminoglycan sulfate groups. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 6262-6271. [PMID: 21147778]
Accepted name: galactan endo-β-1,3-galactanase
Reaction: The enzyme specifically hydrolyses β-1,3-galactan and β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides
Other name(s): endo-β-1,3-galactanase
Systematic name: arabinogalactan 3-β-D-galactanohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme from the fungus Flammulina velutipes (winter mushroom) hydrolyses the β(1→3) bonds found in type II plant arabinogalactans, which occur in cell walls of dicots and cereals. The enzyme is an endohydrolase, and requires at least 3 contiguous β-1,3-residues. cf. EC 3.2.1.89, arabinogalactan endo-β-1,4-galactanase and EC 3.2.1.145, galactan 1,3-β-galactosidase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Kotake, T., Hirata, N., Degi, Y., Ishiguro, M., Kitazawa, K., Takata, R., Ichinose, H., Kaneko, S., Igarashi, K., Samejima, M. and Tsumuraya, Y. Endo-β-1,3-galactanase from winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 27848-27854. [PMID: 21653698]
Accepted name: 4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl glucoside β-D-glucosidase
Reaction: (1) (2R)-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl β-D-glucopyranoside + H2O =
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + D-glucose
(2) (2R)-4-hydroxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl β-D-glucopyranoside + H2O =
2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + D-glucose
Glossary: DIMBOA glucoside = (2R)-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
DIBOA glucoside = (2R)-4-hydroxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
Other name(s): DIMBOAGlc hydrolase; DIMBOA glucosidase
Systematic name: (2R)-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl β-D-glucopyranoside β-D-glucosidase
Comments: The enzyme from Triticum aestivum (wheat) has a higher affinity for DIMBOA glucoside than DIBOA glucoside. With Secale cereale (rye) the preference is reversed.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Sue, M., Ishihara, A. and Iwamura, H. Purification and characterization of a hydroxamic acid glucoside β-glucosidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Planta 210 (2000) 432-438. [PMID: 10750901]
2. Sue, M., Ishihara, A. and Iwamura, H. Purification and characterization of a β-glucosidase from rye (Secale cereale L.) seedlings. Plant Sci. 155 (2000) 67-74. [PMID: 10773341]
3. Czjzek, M., Cicek, M., Zamboni, V., Bevan, D.R., Henrissat, B. and Esen, A. The mechanism of substrate (aglycone) specificity in β-glucosidases is revealed by crystal structures of mutant maize β-glucosidase-DIMBOA, -DIMBOAGlc, and -dhurrin complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 13555-13560. [PMID: 11106394]
4. Nikus, J., Esen, A. and Jonsson, L.M.V. Cloning of a plastidic rye (Secale cereale) β-glucosidase cDNA and its expression in Escherichia coli. Physiol. Plantarum 118 (2003) 337-348.
5. Sue, M., Yamazaki, K., Yajima, S., Nomura, T., Matsukawa, T., Iwamura, H. and Miyamoto, T. Molecular and structural characterization of hexameric β-D-glucosidases in wheat and rye. Plant Physiol. 141 (2006) 1237-1247. [PMID: 16751439]
6. Sue, M., Nakamura, C., Miyamoto, T. and Yajima, S. Active-site architecture of benzoxazinone-glucoside β-D-glucosidases in Triticeae. Plant Sci. 180 (2011) 268-275. [PMID: 21421370]
Accepted name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (hydrolysing)
Reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine + H2O = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + UDP
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (ambiguous); GNE (gene name); siaA (gene name); neuC (gene name)
Systematic name: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine hydrolase (2-epimerising)
Comments: The enzyme is found in mammalian liver, as well as in some pathogenic bacteria including Neisseria meningitidis and Staphylococcus aureus. It catalyses the first step of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) biosynthesis. The initial product formed is the α anomer, which rapidly mutarotates to a mixture of anomers [2]. The mammalian enzyme is bifunctional and also catalyses EC 2.7.1.60, N-acetylmannosamine kinase. cf. EC 5.1.3.14, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (non-hydrolysing).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Stasche, R., Hinderlich, S., Weise, C., Effertz, K., Lucka, L., Moormann, P. and Reutter, W. A bifunctional enzyme catalyzes the first two steps in N-acetylneuraminic acid biosynthesis of rat liver. Molecular cloning and functional expression of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 24319-24324. [PMID: 9305888]
2. Chou, W.K., Hinderlich, S., Reutter, W. and Tanner, M.E. Sialic acid biosynthesis: stereochemistry and mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by the mammalian UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 2455-2461. [PMID: 12603133]
3. Blume, A., Ghaderi, D., Liebich, V., Hinderlich, S., Donner, P., Reutter, W. and Lucka, L. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase, functionally expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli, yeast, and insect cells. Protein Expr. Purif. 35 (2004) 387-396. [PMID: 15135418]
4. Murkin, A.S., Chou, W.K., Wakarchuk, W.W. and Tanner, M.E. Identification and mechanism of a bacterial hydrolyzing UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 14290-14298. [PMID: 15518580]
Accepted name: UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine 2-epimerase (hydrolysing)
Reaction: UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine + H2O = UDP + 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-mannopyranose
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Glossary: UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine = UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose
Other name(s): UDP-Bac2Ac4Ac 2-epimerase; NeuC
Systematic name: UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine hydrolase (2-epimerising)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Involved in biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a nonulosonate derivative that is incorporated by some bacteria into assorted virulence-associated cell surface glycoconjugates. The initial product formed by the enzyme from Legionella pneumophila, which incorporates legionaminic acid into the O-antigen moiety of its lipopolysaccharide, is 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-mannopyranose, which rapidly mutarotates to a mixture of anomers [1]. The enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni, which incorporates legionaminic acid into flagellin, prefers GDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3272-3282. [PMID: 18275154]
2. Schoenhofen, I.C., Vinogradov, E., Whitfield, D.M., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 19 (2009) 715-725. [PMID: 19282391]
Accepted name: non-reducing end β-L-arabinofuranosidase
Reaction: β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranose + H2O = 2 β-L-arabinofuranose
Other name(s): HypBA1
Systematic name: β-L-arabinofuranoside non-reducing end β-L-arabinofuranosidase
Comments: The enzyme, which was identified in the bacterium Bifidobacterium longum JCM1217, removes the β-L-arabinofuranose residue from the non-reducing end of multiple substrates, including β-L-arabinofuranosyl-hydroxyproline (Ara-Hyp), Ara2-Hyp, Ara3-Hyp, and β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-1-O-methyl-β-L-arabinofuranose. In the presence of 1-alkanols, the enzyme demonstrates transglycosylation activity, retaining the anomeric configuration of the arabinofuranose residue. cf. EC 3.2.1.55, non-reducing end α-L-arabinofuranosidase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Fujita, K., Takashi, Y., Obuchi, E., Kitahara, K. and Suganuma, T. Characterization of a novel β-L-arabinofuranosidase in Bifidobacterium longum: functional elucidation of a DUF1680 family member. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 38079-38085. [PMID: 21914802]
Accepted name: protodioscin 26-O-β-D-glucosidase
Reaction: protodioscin + H2O = 26-deglucoprotodioscin + D-glucose
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): F26G; torvosidase; CSF26G1; furostanol glycoside 26-O-β-D-glucosidase; furostanol 26-O-β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase
Systematic name: protodioscin glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized from the plants Cheilocostus speciosus and Solanum torvum. It also hydrolyses the 26-β-D-glucose group from related steroid glucosides such as protogracillin, torvoside A and torvoside H.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Inoue, K. and Ebizuka, Y. Purification and characterization of furostanol glycoside 26-O-β-glucosidase from Costus speciosus rhizomes. FEBS Lett 378 (1996) 157-160. [PMID: 8549824]
2. Arthan, D., Kittakoop, P., Esen, A. and Svasti, J. Furostanol glycoside 26-O-β-glucosidase from the leaves of Solanum torvum. Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 27-33. [PMID: 16289258]
Accepted name: (Ara-f)3-Hyp β-L-arabinobiosidase
Reaction: 4-O-(β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(2S,4S)-4-hydroxyproline + H2O = 4-O-(β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(2S,4S)-4-hydroxyproline + β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranose
Glossary: 4-O-(β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(2S,4S)-4-hydroxyproline = (Ara-f)3-Hyp
Other name(s): hypBA2 (gene name); β-L-arabinobiosidase
Systematic name: 4-O-(β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(2S,4S)-4-hydroxyproline β-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-L-arabinofuranose hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, which was identified in the bacterium Bifidobacterium longum JCM1217, is specific for (Ara-f)3-Hyp, a sugar chain found in hydroxyproline-rich glyoproteins such as extensin and lectin. The enzyme was not able to accept (Ara-f)2-Hyp or (Ara-f)4-Hyp as substrates. In the presence of 1-alkanols, the enzyme demonstrates transglycosylation activity, retaining the anomeric configuration of the arabinofuranose residue.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Fujita, K., Sakamoto, S., Ono, Y., Wakao, M., Suda, Y., Kitahara, K. and Suganuma, T. Molecular cloning and characterization of a β-L-Arabinobiosidase in Bifidobacterium longum that belongs to a novel glycoside hydrolase family. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 5143-5150. [PMID: 21149454]
Accepted name: avenacosidase
Reaction: avenacoside B + H2O = 26-desgluco-avenacoside B + D-glucose
For diagram of reaction, click here
Glossary: avenacoside B = (22S,25S)-3β-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy}-26-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-22,25-epoxyfurost-5-ene
26-desgluco-avenacoside B = (22S,25S)-3β-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy}-22,25-epoxyfurost-5-en-26-ol
Other name(s): As-P60
Systematic name: avenacoside B 26-β-D-glucohydrolase
Comments: Isolated from oat (Avena sativa) seedlings. The product acts as a defense system against fungal infection. Also acts on avenacoside A.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gus-Mayer, S., Brunner, H., Schneider-Poetsch, H.A. and Rudiger, W. Avenacosidase from oat: purification, sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of a new member of the BGA family of β-glucosidases. Plant Mol. Biol. 26 (1994) 909-921. [PMID: 8000004]
2. Gus-Mayer, S., Brunner, H., Schneider-Poetsch, H.A., Lottspeich, F., Eckerskorn, C., Grimm, R. and Rudiger, W. The amino acid sequence previously attributed to a protein kinase or a TCP1-related molecular chaperone and co-purified with phytochrome is a β-glucosidase. FEBS Lett 347 (1994) 51-54. [PMID: 8013661]
Accepted name: dioscin glycosidase (diosgenin-forming)
Reaction: 3-O-[α-L-Rha-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin + 3 H2O = D-glucose + 2 L-rhamnose + diosgenin
For diagram of reaction, click here
Glossary: 3-O-[α-L-Rha-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin = (3β,25R)-spirost-5-en-3-yl 6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside = dioscin
diosgenin = (3β,25R)-spirost-5-en-3-ol
Other name(s): dioscin glycosidase (aglycone-forming)
Systematic name: 3-O-[α-L-Rha-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin hydrolase (diosgenin-forming)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in degradation of the steroid saponin dioscin by some fungi of the Absidia genus. The enzyme can also hydrolyse 3-O-[α-L-Ara-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin into diosgenin and free sugars as the final products. cf EC 3.2.1.190, dioscin glycosidase (3-O-β-D-Glc-diosgenin-forming).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Fu, Y., Yu, H., Tang, S.H., Hu, X., Wang, Y., Liu, B., Yu, C. and Jin, F. New dioscin-glycosidase hydrolyzing multi-glycosides of dioscin from Absidia strain. J Microbiol Biotechnol 20 (2010) 1011-1017. [PMID: 20622501]
Accepted name: dioscin glycosidase (3-O-β-D-Glc-diosgenin-forming)
Reaction: 3-O-[α-L-Rha-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin + 2 H2O = 2 L-rhamnopyranose + diosgenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
Glossary: 3-O-[α-L-Rha-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin = (3β,25R)-spirost-5-en-3-yl 6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside = dioscin
diosgenin = (3β,25R)-spirost-5-en-3-ol
Other name(s): dioscin-α-L-rhamnosidase
Systematic name: 3-O-[α-L-Rha-(1→4)-[α-L-Rha-(1→2)]-β-D-Glc]diosgenin (3-O-β-D-Glc-diosgenin-forming)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the hydrolysis of the steroid saponin dioscin by the digestive system of Sus scrofa (pig). cf. EC 3.2.1.189, dioscin glycosidase (diosgenin-forming).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Qian, S., Yu, H., Zhang, C., Lu, M., Wang, H. and Jin, F. Purification and characterization of dioscin-α-L-rhamnosidase from pig liver. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 53 (2005) 911-914. [PMID: 16079518]
Accepted name: ginsenosidase type III
Reaction: a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glucosyl residues at position 3 + 2 H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modification at position 3 + 2 D-glucopyranose (overall reaction)
(1a) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glucosyl residues at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
(1b) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modification at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
gypenoside XVII = 3β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
gypenoside LXXV = 20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-ene-3β,12β-diol
Systematic name: protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-β-D-hydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidase type III catalyses the sequential hydrolysis of the 3-O-β-D-(1→2)-glucopyranosyl bond followed by hydrolysis of the 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl bond of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides. When acting for example on ginsenoside Rb1 the enzyme first generates ginsenoside XVII, and subsequently ginsenoside LXXV.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Jin, X.F., Yu, H.S., Wang, D.M., Liu, T.Q., Liu, C.Y., An, D.S., Im, W.T., Kim, S.G. and Jin, F.X. Kinetics of a cloned special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, named ginsenosidase type III. J Microbiol Biotechnol 22 (2012) 343-351. [PMID: 22450790]
2. An, D.S., Cui, C.H., Lee, H.G., Wang, L., Kim, S.C., Lee, S.T., Jin, F., Yu, H., Chin, Y.W., Lee, H.K., Im, W.T. and Kim, S.G. Identification and characterization of a novel Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. β-glucosidase that transforms ginsenoside Rb1 into the rare gypenosides XVII and LXXV. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 5827-5836. [PMID: 20622122]
3. Hong, H., Cui, C.H., Kim, J.K., Jin, F.X., Kim, S.C. and Im, W.T. Enzymatic Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII into Ginsenosides Rd and F2 by Recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. J Ginseng Res 36 (2012) 418-424. [PMID: 23717145]
Accepted name: ginsenoside Rb1 β-glucosidase
Reaction: ginsenoside Rb1 + 2 H2O = ginsenoside Rg3 + 2 D-glucopyranose (overall reaction)
(1a) ginsenoside Rb1 + H2O = ginsenoside Rd + D-glucopyranose
(1b) ginsenoside Rd + H2O = ginsenoside Rg3 + D-glucopyranose
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rd = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside F2 = 3β,20-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
Systematic name: ginsenoside Rb1 glucohydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of glycosyl moieties attached to the C-3, C-6 or C-20 position of ginsenosides. They are specific with respect to the nature of the glycosidic linkage, the position and the order in which the linkages are cleaved. Ginsenoside Rb1 β-glucosidase specifically and sequentially hydrolyses the 20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy] residues attached to position 20 by first hydrolysing the (1→6)-glucosidic bond to generate ginsenoside Rd as an intermediate, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining 20-O-β-D-glucosidic bond.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Yan, Q., Zhou, W., Li, X., Feng, M. and Zhou, P. Purification method improvement and characterization of a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Paecilomyces Bainier sp. 229. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 (2008) 352-359. [PMID: 18256474]
Accepted name: ginsenosidase type I
Reaction: (1) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glucosyl residues at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
(2) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modifications at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
(3) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glycosyl residues at position 20 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with a single glucosyl residue at position 20 + a monosaccharide
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb2 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb3 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rc = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rd = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside F2 = 3β,20-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside C-K = 20β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-3β,12β-diol
ginsenoside Rh2 = 3β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-12β,20-diol
Systematic name: ginsenoside glucohydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidase type I is slightly activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+ [1]. The enzyme hydrolyses the 3-O-β-D-(1→2)-glucosidic bond, the 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl bond and the 20-O-β-D-(1→6)-glycosidic bond of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides. It usually leaves a single glucosyl residue attached at position 20 and one or no glucosyl residues at position 3. Starting with a ginsenoside that is glycosylated at both positions (e.g. ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc or Rd), the most common products are ginsenoside F2 and ginsenoside C-K, with low amounts of ginsenoside Rh2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Yu, H., Zhang, C., Lu, M., Sun, F., Fu, Y. and Jin, F. Purification and characterization of new special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing multi-glycisides of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, ginsenosidase type I. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 55 (2007) 231-235. [PMID: 17268094]
Accepted name: ginsenosidase type IV
Reaction: a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside with two glycosyl residues at position 6 + 2 H2O = a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modification at position 6 + D-glucopyranose + a monosaccharide (overall reaction)
(1a) a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside with two glycosyl residues at position 6 + H2O = a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside with a single glucosyl at position 6 + a monosaccharide
(1b) a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside with a single glucosyl at position 6 + H2O = a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modification at position 6 + D-glucopyranose
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: ginsenoside Re = 20-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy-6α-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-3β,12β-diol
ginsenoside Rg1 = 6α,20-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy-dammar-24-en-3β,12β-diol
ginsenoside F1 = 20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-3β,6α,12β-triol
Systematic name: protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside 6-β-D-glucohydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidase type IV catalyses the sequential hydrolysis of the 6-O-β-D-(1→2)-glycosidic bond or the 6-O-α-D-(1→2)-glycosidic bond in protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides with a disacchride attached to the C6 position, followed by the hydrolysis of the remaining 6-O-β-D-glycosidic bond (e.g. ginsenoside Re → ginsenoside Rg1 → ginsenoside F1).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Wang, D.M., Yu, H.S., Song, J.G., Xu, Y.F., Liu, C.Y. and Jin, F.X. A novel ginsenosidase from an Aspergillus strain hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, named ginsenosidase type IV. J Microbiol Biotechnol 21 (2011) 1057-1063. [PMID: 22031031]
2. Wang, D, Yu, H., Song, J., Xu, Y., Jin, F. Enzyme kinetics of ginsenosidase type IV hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides. Process Biochem. 47 (2012) 133-138.
Accepted name: 20-O-multi-glycoside ginsenosidase
Reaction: a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glycosyl residues at position 20 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with a single glucosyl residue at position 20 + a monosaccharide
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb2 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb3 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rc = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rd = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rg3 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-12β,20-diol
Other name(s): ginsenosidase type II (erroneous)
Systematic name: protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 20-β-D-glucohydrolase
Comments: The 20-O-multi-glycoside ginsenosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of the 20-O-α-(1→6)-glycosidic bond and the 20-O-β-(1→6)-glycosidic bond of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides. The enzyme usually leaves a single glucosyl residue attached at position 20, although it can cleave the remaining glucosyl residue with a lower efficiency. Starting with a ginsenoside that is glycosylated at positions 3 and 20, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3 and Rc, the most common product is ginsenoside Rd, with a low amount of ginsenoside Rg3 also formed.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Yu, H., Liu, Q., Zhang, C., Lu, M., Fu, Y., Im, W.-T., Lee, S.-T. and Jin, F. A new ginsenosidase from Aspergillus strain hydrolyzing 20-O-multi-glycoside of PPD ginsenoside. Process Biochem. 44 (2009) 772-775.
Accepted name: limit dextrin α-1,6-maltotetraose-hydrolase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of (1→6)-α-D-glucosidic linkages to branches with degrees of polymerization of three or four glucose residues in limit dextrin.
Other name(s): glgX (gene name); glycogen debranching enzyme (ambiguous)
Systematic name: glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin maltotetraose-hydrolase
Comments: This bacterial enzyme catalyses a reaction similar to EC 3.2.1.33, amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase (one of the activities of the eukaryotic glycogen debranching enzyme). However, while EC 3.2.1.33 removes single glucose residues linked by 1,6-α-linkage, and thus requires the additional activity of 4-α-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) to act on limit dextrins formed by glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), this enzyme removes maltotriose and maltotetraose chains that are attached by 1,6-α-linkage to the limit dextrin main chain, generating a debranched limit dextrin without a need for another enzyme.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Jeanningros, R., Creuzet-Sigal, N., Frixon, C. and Cattaneo, J. Purification and properties of a debranching enzyme from Escherichia coli, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 438 (1976) 186-199. [PMID: 779849]
2. Dauvillee, D., Kinderf, I.S., Li, Z., Kosar-Hashemi, B., Samuel, M.S., Rampling, L., Ball, S. and Morell, M.K. Role of the Escherichia coli glgX gene in glycogen metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2005) 1465-1473. [PMID: 15687211]
3. Song, H.N., Jung, T.Y., Park, J.T., Park, B.C., Myung, P.K., Boos, W., Woo, E.J. and Park, K.H. Structural rationale for the short branched substrate specificity of the glycogen debranching enzyme GlgX. Proteins 78 (2010) 1847-1855. [PMID: 20187119]
Accepted name: β-1,2-mannosidase
Reaction: β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-mannopyranose + H2O = β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-mannopyranose + α-D-mannopyranose
Systematic name: β-1,2-D-mannoside mannohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from multiple bacterial species, catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing D-mannose residues from β-1,2-mannotriose and β-1,2-mannobiose. The mechanism involves anomeric inversion, resulting in the release of α-D-mannopyranose. Activity with β-1,2-mannotriose or higher oligosaccharides is higher than that with β-1,2-mannobiose.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Cuskin, F., Basle, A., Ladeveze, S., Day, A.M., Gilbert, H.J., Davies, G.J., Potocki-Veronese, G. and Lowe, E.C. The GH130 family of mannoside phosphorylases contains glycoside hydrolases that target β-1,2-mannosidic linkages in Candida mannan. J. Biol. Chem. 290 (2015) 25023-25033. [PMID: 26286752]
2. Nihira, T., Chiku, K., Suzuki, E., Nishimoto, M., Fushinobu, S., Kitaoka, M., Ohtsubo, K. and Nakai, H. An inverting β-1,2-mannosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 130 from Dyadobacter fermentans. FEBS Lett. 589 (2015) 3604-3610. [PMID: 26476324]
Accepted name: α-mannan endo-1,2-α-mannanase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of the terminal α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-α-D-mannose disaccharide from α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-α-D-mannosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannosyl side chains in fungal cell wall α-mannans.
Systematic name: α-mannan glucosylmannohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the gut bacteria Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, can also catalyse the reaction of EC 3.2.1.130, glycoprotein endo-α-1,2-mannosidase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hakki, Z., Thompson, A.J., Bellmaine, S., Speciale, G., Davies, G.J. and Williams, S.J. Structural and kinetic dissection of the endo-α-1,2-mannanase activity of bacterial GH99 glycoside hydrolases from Bacteroides spp. Chemistry 21 (2015) 1966-1977. [PMID: 25487964]
2. Cuskin, F., Lowe, E.C., Temple, M.J., Zhu, Y., Cameron, E.A., Pudlo, N.A., Porter, N.T., Urs, K., Thompson, A.J., Cartmell, A., Rogowski, A., Hamilton, B.S., Chen, R., Tolbert, T.J., Piens, K., Bracke, D., Vervecken, W., Hakki, Z., Speciale, G., Munoz-Munoz, J.L., Day, A., Pena, M.J., McLean, R., Suits, M.D., Boraston, A.B., Atherly, T., Ziemer, C.J., Williams, S.J., Davies, G.J., Abbott, D.W., Martens, E.C. and Gilbert, H.J. Human gut Bacteroidetes can utilize yeast mannan through a selfish mechanism. Nature 517 (2015) 165-169. [PMID: 25567280]
Accepted name: sulfoquinovosidase
Reaction: an α-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol + H2O = sulfoquinovose + a 1,2-diacylglycerol
Other name(s): yihQ (gene name)
Systematic name: α-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol sulfoquinovohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida, hydrolyses terminal non-reducing α-sulfoquinovoside residues in α-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerides and α-sulfoquinovosyl glycerol.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Shibuya, I. and Benson, A. A. Hydrolysis of α-sulphoquinovosides by β-galactosidase. Nature 192 (1961) 1186-1187.
2. Speciale, G., Jin, Y., Davies, G.J., Williams, S.J. and Goddard-Borger, E.D. YihQ is a sulfoquinovosidase that cleaves sulfoquinovosyl diacylglyceride sulfolipids. LID - 10.1038/nchembio.2023 [doi. Nat. Chem. Biol. (2016) . [PMID: 26878550]
Accepted name: exo-chitinase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose from the non-reducing end of chitin and chitodextrins.
Other name(s): chiB (gene name)
Systematic name: (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan diacetylchitobiohydrolase (non-reducing end)
Comments: The enzyme hydrolyses the second glycosidic (1→4) linkage from non-reducing ends of chitin and chitodextrin molecules, liberating N,N'-diacetylchitobiose disaccharides. cf. EC 3.2.1.201, exo-chitinase (reducing end).
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Tanaka, T., Fukui, T. and Imanaka, T. Different cleavage specificities of the dual catalytic domains in chitinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 35629-35635. [PMID: 11468293]
2. Hult, E.L., Katouno, F., Uchiyama, T., Watanabe, T. and Sugiyama, J. Molecular directionality in crystalline β-chitin: hydrolysis by chitinases A and B from Serratia marcescens 2170. Biochem. J. 388 (2005) 851-856. [PMID: 15717865]
3. Ohnuma, T., Numata, T., Osawa, T., Mizuhara, M., Lampela, O., Juffer, A.H., Skriver, K. and Fukamizo, T. A class V chitinase from Arabidopsis thaliana: gene responses, enzymatic properties, and crystallographic analysis. Planta 234 (2011) 123-137. [PMID: 21390509]
4. Gutierrez-Roman, M.I., Dunn, M.F., Tinoco-Valencia, R., Holguin-Melendez, F., Huerta-Palacios, G. and Guillen-Navarro, K. Potentiation of the synergistic activities of chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC from Serratia marcescens CFFSUR-B2 by chitobiase (Chb) and chitin binding protein (CBP). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30 (2014) 33-42. [PMID: 23824666]
Accepted name: exo-chitinase (reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose from the reducing end of chitin and chitodextrins.
Other name(s): chiA (gene name)
Systematic name: (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan diacetylchitobiohydrolase (reducing end)
Comments: The enzyme hydrolyses the second glycosidic (1→4) linkage from reducing ends of chitin and chitodextrin molecules, liberating N,N'-diacetylchitobiose disaccharides.cf. EC 3.2.1.200, exo-chitinase (non-reducing end).
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hult, E.L., Katouno, F., Uchiyama, T., Watanabe, T. and Sugiyama, J. Molecular directionality in crystalline β-chitin: hydrolysis by chitinases A and B from Serratia marcescens 2170. Biochem. J. 388 (2005) 851-856. [PMID: 15717865]
2. Nakagawa, Y.S., Eijsink, V.G., Totani, K. and Vaaje-Kolstad, G. Conversion of α-chitin substrates with varying particle size and crystallinity reveals substrate preferences of the chitinases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase of Serratia marcescens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 (2013) 11061-11066. [PMID: 24168426]
3. Gutierrez-Roman, M.I., Dunn, M.F., Tinoco-Valencia, R., Holguin-Melendez, F., Huerta-Palacios, G. and Guillen-Navarro, K. Potentiation of the synergistic activities of chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC from Serratia marcescens CFFSUR-B2 by chitobiase (Chb) and chitin binding protein (CBP). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30 (2014) 33-42. [PMID: 23824666]
4. Brurberg, M.B., Nes, I.F. and Eijsink, V.G. Comparative studies of chitinases A and B from Serratia marcescens. Microbiology 142 (1996) 1581-1589. [PMID: 8757722]
Accepted name: endo-chitodextinase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of chitodextrins, releasing N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and small amounts of N,N',N''-triacetylchitotriose.
Other name(s): endo I (gene name); chitodextrinase (ambiguous); endolytic chitodextrinase; periplasmic chitodextrinase
Systematic name: (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan diacetylchitobiohydrolase (endo-cleaving)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Vibrio furnissii, is an endo-cleaving chitodextrinase that participates in the the chitin catabolic pathway found in members of the Vibrionaceae. Unlike EC 3.2.1.14, chitinase, it has no activity on chitin. The smallest substrate is a tetrasaccharide, and the final products are N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and small amounts of N,N',N''-triacetylchitotriose. cf. EC 3.2.1.200, exo-chitinase (non-reducing end), and EC 3.2.1.201, exo-chitinase (reducing end).
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Bassler, B.L., Yu, C., Lee, Y.C. and Roseman, S. Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. Degradation and catabolism of chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 24276-24286. [PMID: 1761533]
2. Keyhani, N.O. and Roseman, S. The chitin catabolic cascade in the marine bacterium Vibrio furnissii. Molecular cloning, isolation, and characterization of a periplasmic chitodextrinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 33414-33424. [PMID: 8969204]
Accepted name: carboxymethylcellulase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-glucosidic linkages in (carboxymethyl)cellulose.
Other name(s): CMCase
Systematic name: 4-β-D-(carboxymethyl)glucan 4-(carboxymethyl)glucanohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme from the acidophilic bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius is an endo-cleaving hydrolase that cleaves β(1→4)-linked residues. However, it is specific for (carboxymethyl)cellulose and does not act on cellulosic substrates such as avicel.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9055-57-6
References:
1. Morana, A., Esposito, A., Maurelli, L., Ruggiero, G., Ionata, E., Rossi, M. and La Cara, F. A novel thermoacidophilic cellulase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. Protein Pept. Lett. 15 (2008) 1017-1021. [PMID: 18991780]
Accepted name: 1,3-α-isomaltosidase
Reaction: cyclobis-(1→6)-α-nigerosyl + 2 H2O = 2 isomaltose (overall reaction)
(1a) cyclobis-(1→6)-α-nigerosyl + H2O = α-isomaltosyl-(1→3)-isomaltose
(1b) α-isomaltosyl-(1→3)-isomaltose + H2O = 2 isomaltose
Systematic name: 1,3-α-isomaltohydrolase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacteria Bacillus sp. NRRL B-21195 and Kribbella flavida, participates in the degradation of starch. The cyclic tetrasaccharide cyclobis-(1→6)-α-nigerosyl is formed from starch extracellularly and imported into the cell, where it is degraded to glucose.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Kim, Y.K., Kitaoka, M., Hayashi, K., Kim, C.H. and Cote, G.L. Purification and characterization of an intracellular cycloalternan-degrading enzyme from Bacillus sp. NRRL B-21195. Carbohydr. Res. 339 (2004) 1179-1184. [PMID: 15063208]
2. Tagami, T., Miyano, E., Sadahiro, J., Okuyama, M., Iwasaki, T. and Kimura, A. Two novel glycoside hydrolases responsible for the catabolism of cyclobis-(1→6)-α-nigerosyl. J. Biol. Chem. 291 (2016) 16438-16447. [PMID: 27302067]
Accepted name: isomaltose glucohydrolase
Reaction: isomaltose + H2O = β-D-glucose + D-glucose
Systematic name: isomaltose 6-α-glucohydrolase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of α-1,6-glucosidic linkages from the non-reducing end of its substrate. Unlike EC 3.2.1.10, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, the enzyme inverts the anomeric configuration of the released residue. The enzyme can also act on panose and maltotriose at a lower rate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Tagami, T., Miyano, E., Sadahiro, J., Okuyama, M., Iwasaki, T. and Kimura, A. Two novel glycoside hydrolases responsible for the catabolism of cyclobis-(1→6)-α-nigerosyl. J. Biol. Chem. 291 (2016) 16438-16447. [PMID: 27302067]
Accepted name: oleuropein β-glucosidase
Reaction: oleuropein + H2O = oleuropein aglycone + D-glucopyranose
Glossary: oleuropein aglycone = methyl (2S,3E,4S)-4-{2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl}-3-ethylidene-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate
oleuropein = methyl (2R,3E,4S)-4-{2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl}-3-ethylidene-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate
ligstroside = methyl (2S,3E,4S)-3-ethylidene-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-{2-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl}-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate
Other name(s): OeGLU (gene name)
Systematic name: oleuropein 2-β-D-glucohydrolase
Comments: Oleuropein is a glycosylated secoiridoid exclusively biosynthesized by members of the Oleaceae plant family where it is part of a defence system againt herbivores. The enzyme also hydrolyses ligstroside and demethyloleuropein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Ciafardini, G., Marsilio, V., Lanza, B. and Pozzi, N. Hydrolysis of oleuropein by Lactobacillus plantarum strains associated with olive fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 (1994) 4142-4147. [PMID: 16349442]
2. Romero-Segura, C., Sanz, C. and Perez, A.G. Purification and characterization of an olive fruit β-glucosidase involved in the biosynthesis of virgin olive oil phenolics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (2009) 7983-7988. [PMID: 19689134]
3. Gutierrez-Rosales, F., Romero, M.P., Casanovas, M., Motilva, M.J. and Minguez-Mosquera, M.I. β-Glucosidase involvement in the formation and transformation of oleuropein during the growth and development of olive fruits (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina) grown under different farming practices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 (2012) 4348-4358. [PMID: 22475562]
4. Koudounas, K., Banilas, G., Michaelidis, C., Demoliou, C., Rigas, S. and Hatzopoulos, P. A defence-related Olea europaea β-glucosidase hydrolyses and activates oleuropein into a potent protein cross-linking agent. J. Exp. Bot. 66 (2015) 2093-2106. [PMID: 25697790]
5. Koudounas, K., Thomopoulou, M., Michaelidis, C., Zevgiti, E., Papakostas, G., Tserou, P., Daras, G. and Hatzopoulos, P. The C-domain of oleuropein β-glucosidase assists in protein folding and sequesters the enzyme in nucleus. Plant Physiol. 174 (2017) 1371-1383. [PMID: 28483880]
Accepted name: mannosyl-oligosaccharide α-1,3-glucosidase
Reaction: (1) Glc2Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] + H2O = GlcMan9GlcNAc2-[protein] + β-D-glucopyranose
(2) GlcMan9GlcNAc2-[protein] + H2O = Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] + β-D-glucopyranose
Glossary: Glc2Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] = {α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
GlcMan9GlcNAc2-[protein] = {α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] = {α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
Other name(s): ER glucosidase II; α-glucosidase II; trimming glucosidase II; ROT2 (gene name); GTB1 (gene name); GANAB (gene name); PRKCSH (gene name)
Systematic name: Glc2Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] 3-α-glucohydrolase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: This eukaryotic enzyme cleaves off sequentially the two α-1,3-linked glucose residues from the Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide precursor of immature N-glycosylated proteins.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Trombetta, E.S., Simons, J.F. and Helenius, A. Endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase II is composed of a catalytic subunit, conserved from yeast to mammals, and a tightly bound noncatalytic HDEL-containing subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 27509-27516. [PMID: 8910335]
2. Ziak, M., Meier, M., Etter, K.S. and Roth, J. Two isoforms of trimming glucosidase II exist in mammalian tissues and cell lines but not in yeast and insect cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 280 (2001) 363-367. [PMID: 11162524]
3. Wilkinson, B.M., Purswani, J. and Stirling, C.J. Yeast GTB1 encodes a subunit of glucosidase II required for glycoprotein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 6325-6333. [PMID: 16373354]
4. Mora-Montes, H.M., Bates, S., Netea, M.G., Diaz-Jimenez, D.F., Lopez-Romero, E., Zinker, S., Ponce-Noyola, P., Kullberg, B.J., Brown, A.J., Odds, F.C., Flores-Carreon, A. and Gow, N.A. Endoplasmic reticulum α-glycosidases of Candida albicans are required for N glycosylation, cell wall integrity, and normal host-fungus interaction. Eukaryot Cell 6 (2007) 2184-2193. [PMID: 17933909]
Accepted name: glucosylglycerate hydrolase
Reaction: 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate + H2O = D-glucopyranose + D-glycerate
Other name(s): GG hydrolase; GgH
Systematic name: 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate D-glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme has been isolated from nontuberculous mycobacteria (e.g. Mycobacterium hassiacum), which accumulate 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate during growth under nitrogen deprivation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Alarico, S., Costa, M., Sousa, M.S., Maranha, A., Lourenco, E.C., Faria, T.Q., Ventura, M.R. and Empadinhas, N. Mycobacterium hassiacum recovers from nitrogen starvation with up-regulation of a novel glucosylglycerate hydrolase and depletion of the accumulated glucosylglycerate. Sci Rep 4 (2014) 6766. [PMID: 25341489]
2. Cereija, T.B., Alarico, S., Empadinhas, N. and Pereira, P.JB. Production, crystallization and structure determination of a mycobacterial glucosylglycerate hydrolase. Acta Crystallogr. F Struct. Biol. Commun. 73 (2017) 536-540. [PMID: 28876234]
Accepted name: endoplasmic reticulum Man9GlcNAc2 1,2-α-mannosidase
Reaction: Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] + H2O = Man8GlcNAc2-[protein] (isomer 8A1,2,3B1,3) + D-mannopyranose
Glossary: Man9GlcNAc2-[protein] = {α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
Man8GlcNAc2-[protein] (isomer 8A1,2,3B1,3) = {α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
Other name(s): MAN1B1 (gene name); MNS1 (gene name); MNS3 (gene name)
Systematic name: Man9GlcNAc2-[protein]2-α-mannohydrolase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The enzyme, located in the endoplasmic reticulum, primarily trims a single α-1,2-linked mannose residue from Man9GlcNAc2 to produce Man8GlcNAc2 isomer 8A1,2,3B1,3 (the names of the isomers listed here are based on a nomenclature system proposed by Prien et al [7]). The removal of the single mannosyl residue occurs in all eukaryotes as part of the processing of N-glycosylated proteins, and is absolutely essential for further elongation of the outer chain of properly-folded N-glycosylated proteins in yeast. In addition, the enzyme is involved in glycoprotein quality control at the ER quality control compartment (ERQC), helping to target misfolded glycoproteins for degradation. When present at very high concentrations in the ERQC, the enzyme can trim the carbohydrate chain further to Man(5-6)GlcNAc2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Jelinek-Kelly, S. and Herscovics, A. Glycoprotein biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification of the α-mannosidase which removes one specific mannose residue from Man9GlcNAc. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 14757-14763. [PMID: 3049586]
2. Ziegler, F.D. and Trimble, R.B. Glycoprotein biosynthesis in yeast: purification and characterization of the endoplasmic reticulum Man9 processing α-mannosidase. Glycobiology 1 (1991) 605-614. [PMID: 1822240]
3. Gonzalez, D.S., Karaveg, K., Vandersall-Nairn, A.S., Lal, A. and Moremen, K.W. Identification, expression, and characterization of a cDNA encoding human endoplasmic reticulum mannosidase I, the enzyme that catalyzes the first mannose trimming step in mammalian Asn-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 21375-21386. [PMID: 10409699]
4. Herscovics, A., Romero, P.A. and Tremblay, L.O. The specificity of the yeast and human class I ER α 1,2-mannosidases involved in ER quality control is not as strict previously reported. Glycobiology 12 (2002) 14G-15G. [PMID: 12090241]
5. Avezov, E., Frenkel, Z., Ehrlich, M., Herscovics, A. and Lederkremer, G.Z. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mannosidase I is compartmentalized and required for N-glycan trimming to Man5-6GlcNAc2 in glycoprotein ER-associated degradation. Mol. Biol. Cell 19 (2008) 216-225. [PMID: 18003979]
6. Liebminger, E., Huttner, S., Vavra, U., Fischl, R., Schoberer, J., Grass, J., Blaukopf, C., Seifert, G.J., Altmann, F., Mach, L. and Strasser, R. Class I α-mannosidases are required for N-glycan processing and root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 21 (2009) 3850-3867. [PMID: 20023195]
7. Prien, J.M., Ashline, D.J., Lapadula, A.J., Zhang, H. and Reinhold, V.N. The high mannose glycans from bovine ribonuclease B isomer characterization by ion trap MS. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20 (2009) 539-556. [PMID: 19181540]
Accepted name: endoplasmic reticulum Man8GlcNAc2 1,2-α-mannosidase
Reaction: Man8GlcNAc2-[protein] (isomer 8A1,2,3B1,3) + H2O = Man7GlcNAc2-[protein] (isomer 7A1,2,3B3) + D-mannopyranose
Glossary: Man8GlcNAc2-[protein] (isomer 8A1,2,3B1,3) = {α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
Man7GlcNAc2-[protein] (isomer 7A1,2,3B3) = {α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-[α-D-Man-(1→6)]-α-D-Man-(1→6)]-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GlcNAc}-N-Asn-[protein]
Other name(s): MNL1 (gene name)
Systematic name: Man8GlcNAc2-[protein] 2-α-mannohydrolase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: In yeast this activity is catalysed by a dedicated enzyme that processes unfolded protein-bound Man8GlcNAc2 N-glycans within the endoplasmic reticulum to Man7GlcNAc2. The exposed α-1,6-linked mannose residue in the product enables the recognition by the YOS9 lectin, targeting the proteins for degradation. In mammalian cells this activity is part of the regular processing of N-glycosylated proteins, and is not associated with protein degradation. It is carried out by EC 3.2.1.113, Golgi mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-α-mannosidase. The names of the isomers listed here are based on a nomenclature system proposed by Prien et al [5].
References:
1. Nakatsukasa, K., Nishikawa, S., Hosokawa, N., Nagata, K. and Endo, T. Mnl1p, an α -mannosidase-like protein in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is required for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of glycoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 8635-8638. [PMID: 11254655]
2. Jakob, C.A., Bodmer, D., Spirig, U., Battig, P., Marcil, A., Dignard, D., Bergeron, J.J., Thomas, D.Y. and Aebi, M. Htm1p, a mannosidase-like protein, is involved in glycoprotein degradation in yeast. EMBO Rep. 2 (2001) 423-430. [PMID: 11375935]
3. Quan, E.M., Kamiya, Y., Kamiya, D., Denic, V., Weibezahn, J., Kato, K. and Weissman, J.S. Defining the glycan destruction signal for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Mol. Cell 32 (2008) 870-877. [PMID: 19111666]
4. Clerc, S., Hirsch, C., Oggier, D.M., Deprez, P., Jakob, C., Sommer, T. and Aebi, M. Htm1 protein generates the N-glycan signal for glycoprotein degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Biol. 184 (2009) 159-172. [PMID: 19124653]
5. Prien, J.M., Ashline, D.J., Lapadula, A.J., Zhang, H. and Reinhold, V.N. The high mannose glycans from bovine ribonuclease B isomer characterization by ion trap MS. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20 (2009) 539-556. [PMID: 19181540]
6. Chantret, I., Kodali, V.P., Lahmouich, C., Harvey, D.J. and Moore, S.E. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and free oligosaccharide generation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 41786-41800. [PMID: 21979948]
Accepted name: endo-(1→3)-fucoidanase
Reaction: endohydrolysis of (1→3)-α-L-fucoside linkages in fucan
Other name(s): α-L-fucosidase (incorrect); poly(1,3-α-L-fucoside-2/4-sulfate) glycanohydrolase
Systematic name: poly[(1→3)-α-L-fucoside-2/4-sulfate] glycanohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme specifically hydrolyses (1→3)-α-L-fucoside linkages in fucan. Fucans are found mainly in different species of seaweed and are sulfated polysaccharides with a backbone of (1→3)-linked or alternating (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α-L-fucopyranosyl residues. In the literature, the sulfated polysaccharides are often called fucoidans. Fucoidans include polysaccharides with a relatively low proportion of fucose and some polysaccharides that have a backbone composed of other saccharides with fucose in the branching side chains. The sulfation of the α-L-fucopyranosyl residues may occur at positions 2 and 4. The enzyme degrades fucan to sulfated α-L-fucooligosaccharides but neither L-fucose nor small fucooligosaccharides are produced.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Thanassi, N.M. and Nakada, H.I. Enzymic degradation of fucoidan by enzymes from the hepatopancreas of abalone, Halotus species. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 118 (1967) 172-177.
2. Bakunina, I.Iu, Nedashkovskaia, O.I., Alekseeva, S.A., Ivanova, E.P., Romanenko, L.A., Gorshkova, N.M., Isakov, V.V., Zviagintseva, T.N. and Mikhailov, V.V. [Degradation of fucoidan by the marine proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas citrea] Mikrobiologiia 71 (2002) 49-55. [PMID: 11910806] (in Russian)
3. Berteau, O. and Mulloy, B. Sulfated fucans, fresh perspectives: structures, functions, and biological properties of sulfated fucans and an overview of enzymes active toward this class of polysaccharide. Glycobiology 13 (2003) 29R-40R. [PMID: 12626402]
4. Bilan, M.I., Kusaykin, M.I., Grachev, A.A., Tsvetkova, E.A., Zvyagintseva, T.N., Nifantiev, N.E. and Usov, A.I. Effect of enzyme preparation from the marine mollusk Littorina kurila on fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus distichus. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 70 (2005) 1321-1326. [PMID: 16417453]
Accepted name: endo-(1→4)-fucoidanase
Reaction: endohydrolysis of (1→4)-α-L-fucoside linkages in fucan
Other name(s): α-L-fucosidase (incorrect); poly(1,4-α-L-fucoside-2/3-sulfate) glycanohydrolase
Systematic name: poly[(1→4)-α-L-fucoside-2/3-sulfate] glycanohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme specifically hydrolyses (1→4)-α-L-fucoside linkages in fucan. Fucans are found mainly in different species of seaweed and are sulfated polysaccharides with a backbone of (1→3)-linked or alternating (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α-L-fucopyranosyl residues. In the literature, the sulfated polysaccharides are often called fucoidans. Fucoidans include polysaccharides with a relatively low proportion of fucose and some polysaccharides that have a backbone composed of other saccharides with fucose in the branching side chains. The sulfation of the α-L-fucopyranosyl residues may occur at positions 2 and 3. The enzyme degrades fucan to sulfated α-L-fucooligosaccharides but neither L-fucose nor small fucooligosaccharides are produced.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Thanassi, N.M. and Nakada, H.I. Enzymic degradation of fucoidan by enzymes from the hepatopancreas of abalone, Halotus species. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 118 (1967) 172-177.
2. Berteau, O. and Mulloy, B. Sulfated fucans, fresh perspectives: structures, functions, and biological properties of sulfated fucans and an overview of enzymes active toward this class of polysaccharide. Glycobiology 13 (2003) 29R-40R. [PMID: 12626402]
3. Descamps, V., Colin, S., Lahaye, M., Jam, M., Richard, C., Potin, P., Barbeyron, T., Yvin, J.C. and Kloareg, B. Isolation and culture of a marine bacterium degrading the sulfated fucans from marine brown algae. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 8 (2006) 27-39. [PMID: 16222488]
4. Kim, W.J., Kim, S.M., Lee, Y.H., Kim, H.G., Kim, H.K., Moon, S.H., Suh, H.H., Jang, K.H. and Park, Y.I. Isolation and characterization of marine bacterial strain degrading fucoidan from Korean Undaria pinnatifida Sporophylls. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18 (2008) 616-623. [PMID: 18467852]
5. Silchenko, A.S., Kusaykin, M.I., Kurilenko, V.V., Zakharenko, A.M., Isakov, V.V., Zaporozhets, T.S., Gazha, A.K. and Zvyagintseva, T.N. Hydrolysis of fucoidan by fucoidanase isolated from the marine bacterium, Formosa algae. Mar. Drugs 11 (2013) 2413-2430. [PMID: 23852092]
6. Silchenko, A.S., Kusaykin, M.I., Zakharenko, A.M., Menshova, R.V., Khanh, H.H.N., Dmitrenok, P.S., Isakov, V.V., Zvyagintseva, T.N. Endo-1,4-fucoidanase from vietnamese marine mollusk Lambis sp. which producing sulphated fucooligosaccharides. J. Mol. Catal. B 102 (2014) 154-160.
7. Silchenko, A.S., Ustyuzhanina, N.E., Kusaykin, M.I., Krylov, V.B., Shashkov, A.S., Dmitrenok, A.S., Usoltseva, R.V., Zueva, A.O., Nifantiev, N.E. and Zvyagintseva, T.N. Expression and biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of the fucoidanase from Formosa algae. Glycobiology 27 (2017) 254-263. [PMID: 28031251]
Accepted name: galactan exo-1,6-β-galactobiohydrolase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of (1→6)-β-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactan proteins and (1→3):(1→6)-β-galactans to yield (1→6)-β-galactobiose as the final product.
Other name(s): exo-β-1,6-galactobiohydrolase; 1,6Gal (gene name)
Systematic name: exo-β-(1→6)-galactobiohydrolase (non-reducing end)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Bifidobacterium longum, specifically hydrolyses (1→6)-β-galactobiose from the non-reducing terminal of (1→6)-β-D-galactooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3 or higher, using an exo mode of action. The enzyme cannot hydrolyse α-L-arabinofuranosylated (1→6)-β-galactans (as found in arabinogalactans) and does not act on (1→3)-β-D- or (1→4)-β-D-galactans. cf. EC 3.2.1.164, galactan endo-1,6-β-galactosidase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Fujita, K., Sakamoto, A., Kaneko, S., Kotake, T., Tsumuraya, Y. and Kitahara, K. Degradative enzymes for type II arabinogalactan side chains in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 103 (2019) 1299-1310. [PMID: 30564851]
Accepted name: exo β-1,2-glucooligosaccharide sophorohydrolase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: [(1→2)-β-D-glucosyl]n + H2O = sophorose + [(1→2)-β-D-glucosyl]n-2
Glossary: sophorose = β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-glucopyranose
Systematic name: exo (1→2)-β-D-glucooligosaccharide sophorohydrolase (non-reducing end)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Parabacteroides distasonis, specifically hydrolyses (1→2)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides to sophorose. The best substrates are the tetra- and pentasaccharides. The enzyme is not able to cleave the trisaccharide, and activity with longer linear (1→2)-β-D-glucans is quite low. This enzyme acts in exo mode and is not able to hydrolyse cyclic (1→2)-β-D-glucans.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Shimizu, H., Nakajima, M., Miyanaga, A., Takahashi, Y., Tanaka, N., Kobayashi, K., Sugimoto, N., Nakai, H. and Taguchi, H. Characterization and structural analysis of a novel exo-type enzyme acting on β-1,2-glucooligosaccharides from Parabacteroides distasonis. Biochemistry 57 (2018) 3849-3860. [PMID: 29763309]
Accepted name: arabinogalactan exo α-(1,3)-α-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-L-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of α-D-Galp-(1→3)-L-Araf disaccharides from non-reducing terminals in branches of type II arabinogalactan attached to proteins.
Glossary: Araf = arabinofuranose
Arap = arabinopyranose
Galp = galactopyranose
Other name(s): 3-O-α-D-galactosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase
Systematic name: type II arabinogalactan exo α-(1,3)-[α-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-L-arabinofuranose] hydrolase (non-reducing end)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Bifidobacterium longum, specifically hydrolyses α-D-Galp-(1→3)-L-Araf disaccharides from the non-reducing terminal of arabinogalactan using an exo mode of action. It is particularly active with gum arabic arabinogalactan, a type II arabinogalactan produced by acacia trees. The enzyme can also hydrolyse β-L-Arap-(1→3)-L-Araf disaccharides, but this activity is significantly lower.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Sasaki, Y., Horigome, A., Odamaki, T., Xiao, J.Z., Ishiwata, A., Ito, Y., Kitahara, K. and Fujita, K. Characterization of a novel 3-O-α-D-galactosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase for the assimilation of gum arabic AGP in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2021) . [PMID: 33674431]
Accepted name: kojibiose hydrolase
Reaction: kojibiose + H2O = β-D-glucopyranose + D-glucopyranose
Glossary: kojibiose = α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-glucopyranose
Other name(s): kojibiase
Systematic name: kojibiose glucohydrolase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacteria Flavobacterium johnsoniae and Mucilaginibacter mallensis, uses anomer-inverting mechanism to release β-glucose from the non-reducing ends of kojibiose and α-1,2-oligoglucans with a higher degree of polymerization.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Nakamura, S., Nihira, T., Kurata, R., Nakai, H., Funane, K., Park, E.Y. and Miyazaki, T. Structure of a bacterial α-1,2-glucosidase defines mechanisms of hydrolysis and substrate specificity in GH65 family hydrolases. J. Biol. Chem. (2021) 101366. [PMID: 34728215]
2. De Beul, E., Jongbloet, A., Franceus, J. and Desmet, T. Discovery of a kojibiose hydrolase by analysis of specificity-determining correlated positions in glycoside hydrolase family 65. Molecules 26 (2021) 6321. [PMID: 34684901]
Accepted name: exo-acting protein-α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
Reaction: a [protein]N-acetyl-α-D-galactosalaminyl-(L-serine/L-threonine) + H2O = a [protein]-(L-serine/L-threonine) + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
Other name(s): Nag31
Systematic name: [protein]-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosalaminyl-(L-serine/L-threonine) N-acetylgalactosaminohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, which belongs to the glycosylhydrolase 31 (GH31) family, is an exo-acting α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase that acts on the innermost α-GalNAc residues at the core of O-glycans when no other saccharides are attached to it. Unlike EC 3.2.1.49, α-D-acetylgalactosaminidase, it is not able to act on blood group A antigen.
References:
1. Rahfeld, P., Wardman, J.F., Mehr, K., Huff, D., Morgan-Lang, C., Chen, H.M., Hallam, S.J. and Withers, S.G. Prospecting for microbial α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases yields a new class of GH31 O-glycanase. J. Biol. Chem. 294 (2019) 16400-16415. [PMID: 31530641]
2. Miyazaki, T. and Park, E.Y. Crystal structure of the Enterococcus faecalis α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 31. FEBS Lett. 594 (2020) 2282–2293. [PMID: 32367553]
3. Ikegaya, M., Miyazaki, T. and Park, E.Y. Biochemical characterization of Bombyx mori α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 31. nsect Mol Biol. 30 (2021) 367–378. [PMID: 33742736]
4. Miyazaki, T., Ikegaya, M. and Alonso-Gil, S. Structural and mechanistic insights into the substrate specificity and hydrolysis of GH31 α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Biochimie (2021) . [PMID: 34826537]
Accepted name: α-3'-ketoglucosidase
Reaction: 3'-dehydrosucrose + H2O = 3-dehydro-D-glucopyranose + β-D-fructofuranose
Other name(s): 3'-keto-α-D-gluco-disaccharide hydrolase; α-3-ketoglucosidase (incorrect); 3-keto-glucoside hydrolase
Systematic name: 3'-dehydrosucrose 3'-dehydroglucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, originally characterized from the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is specific for disaccharides that contain a 3-dehydro-α-D-glucose at the non-reducing end such as 3'-dehydrosucrose and 3'-dehydro-α,α-trehalose. It has no activity with disaccharides in which the glucose is in β conformation, and greatly reduced activity with disaccharides with an unmodified 3' position.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hayano, K. and Fukui, S. Alpha-3-ketoglucosidase of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 101 (1970) 692-697. [PMID: 5438043]
2. Liu, H., Shiver, A.L., Price, M.N., Carlson, H.K., Trotter, V.V., Chen, Y., Escalante, V., Ray, J., Hern, K.E., Petzold, C.J., Turnbaugh, P.J., Huang, K.C., Arkin, A.P. and Deutschbauer, A.M. Functional genetics of human gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reveals metabolic requirements for growth across environments. Cell Rep. 34 (2021) 108789. [PMID: 33657378]
Accepted name: palatinase
Reaction: palatinose + H2O = α-D-glucopyranose + D-fructofuranose
Glossary: palatinose = 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose
Other name(s): palQ (gene name)
Systematic name: palatinose α-1,6-glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Erwinia rhapontici, is specific for palatinose.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Bornke, F., Hajirezaei, M. and Sonnewald, U. Cloning and characterization of the gene cluster for palatinose metabolism from the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia rhapontici. J. Bacteriol. 183 (2001) 2425-2430. [PMID: 11274100]
Accepted name: ipecoside β-D-glucosidase
Reaction: (1) ipecoside + H2O = ipecoside aglycone + D-glucopyranose
(2) 6-O-methyl-N-deacetylisoipecoside + H2O = 6-O-methyl-N-deacetylisoipecoside aglycone + D-glucopyranose
Glossary: ipecoside = methyl (2S,3R,4S)-4-{[(1R)-2-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isoquinolinyl]methyl}-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-vinyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate
Other name(s): 6-O-methyl-deacetylisoipecoside β-glucosidase; IpeGlu1
Systematic name: ipecoside glucohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, isolated from the roots of the plant Carapichea ipecacuanha, preferentially hydrolyses glucosidic ipecoside alkaloids except for their lactams, but shows poor or no activity toward other substrates. IpeGlu1 activity is extremely poor toward 7-O-methyl and 6,7-O,O-dimethyl derivatives. However, 6-O-methyl derivatives are hydrolysed as efficiently as non-methylated substrates. IpeGlu1 accepts both 1α(S)-N-deacetylisoipecoside and 1β(R)-N-deacetylipecoside epimers as substrate, with preference for the 1β(R)-epimer. 6-O-methyl-N-deacetylisoipecoside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the medicinal alkaloid emetine.
References:
1. Nomura, T., Quesada, A.L. and Kutchan, T.M. The new β-D-glucosidase in terpenoid-isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in Psychotria ipecacuanha. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 34650-34659. [PMID: 18927081]
Accepted name: MMP endo-(1,4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosidase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of 3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)-3-O-methyl-D-mannose linkages within (1,4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannnan substrates
Glossary: MMP = 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharide = α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)-[3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)]n-1-O,3-O-dimethyl-α-D-mannose
Other name(s): MMP α-(1→4)-endomannosidase; mmpH (gene name)
Systematic name: (1,4)-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannan 4-α-3-O-methyl-D-mannohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, present in mycobacterial species that produce 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharide (MMP), is involved in recycling and biosynthesis of the polymer. The enzyme has been shown to cleave substrates in the range of 11-14 mannose residues.
References:
1. Maranha, A., Costa, M., Ripoll-Rozada, J., Manso, J.A., Miranda, V., Mendes, V.M., Manadas, B., Macedo-Ribeiro, S., Ventura, M.R., Pereira, P.JB. and Empadinhas, N. Self-recycling and partially conservative replication of mycobacterial methylmannose polysaccharides. Commun Biol 6 (2023) 108. [PMID: 36707645]
Accepted name: funoran endo-β-hydrolase
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of β-(1→4)-linkages between β-D-galactopyranose-6-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose units in funoran
Glossary: funoran = [→3)-β-D-galactopyranose-6-sulfate-(1→4)-3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose-(1→]
Other name(s): β-funoranase
Systematic name: funoran endo β-(1,4)-glycanohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is an endo hydrolase that hydrolyses the β(1→4) bond in funoran, a polysaccharide produced by red algae of the genus Gloiopeltis. The enzyme from the marine bacterium Wenyingzhuangia aestuarii OF219 acts on agarose with a higher efficiency (cf. EC 3.2.1.81, β-agarase), but binds funoran preferentially.
References:
1. Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Shen, J., Mei, X., Liu, G., Chang, Y., Dong, S., Feng, Y., Wang, Y. and Xue, C. The characteristic structure of funoran could be hydrolyzed by a GH86 family enzyme (Aga86A_Wa): Discovery of the funoran hydrolase. Carbohyd Polym 318 (2023) 121117.
Accepted name: arabinogalactan exo α-(1,3)-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-L-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of β-L-Arap-(1→3)-L-Araf disaccharides from non-reducing terminals in branches of type II arabinogalactan attached to proteins.
Glossary: Araf = arabinofuranose
Arap = arabinopyranose
Other name(s): 3-O-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase; AAfase
Systematic name: type II arabinogalactan exo α-(1,3)-[β-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-L-arabinofuranose] hydrolase (non-reducing end)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, specifically hydrolyses β-L-Arap-(1→3)-L-Araf disaccharides from the non-reducing terminal of arabinogalactan using an exo mode of action. It is active with arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) containing type II arabinogalactans such as gum arabic AGP and larch AGP. The enzyme can also hydrolyse α-D-Galp-(1→3)-L-Araf disaccharides (cf. EC 3.2.1.215) with a much lower activity.
References:
1. Sasaki, Y., Yanagita, M., Hashiguchi, M., Horigome, A., Xiao, J. Z., Odamaki, T., Kitahara, K. and Fujita, K. Assimilation of arabinogalactan side chains with novel 3-O-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase in Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. Microbiome Res. Rep. 2 (2023) 12.
Accepted name: D-arabinan exo β-(1,2)-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-D-arabinofuranoside residues in D-arabinans
Other name(s): exo-β-D-arabinofuranosidase; ExoMA2
Systematic name: β-D-arabinofuranoside non-reducing end β-D-arabinofuranosidase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum, hydrolyses β-D-arabinofuranosides from the non-reducing terminal of D-arabinan core structure of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacterial cell wall. cf. EC 3.2.1.55, non-reducing end α-L-arabinofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.185, non-reducing end β-L-arabinofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.225, D-arabinan exo α-(1,3)/(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end); and EC 3.2.1.226, D-arabinan endo α-(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Shimokawa, M., Ishiwata, A., Kashima, T., Nakashima, C., Li, J., Fukushima, R., Sawai, N., Nakamori, M., Tanaka, Y., Kudo, A., Morikami, S., Iwanaga, N., Akai, G., Shimizu, N., Arakawa, T., Yamada, C., Kitahara, K., Tanaka, K., Ito, Y., Fushinobu, S. and Fujita, K. Identification and characterization of endo-α-, exo-α-, and exo-β-D-arabinofuranosidases degrading lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria. Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 5803. [PMID: 37726269]
Accepted name: D-arabinan exo α-(1,3)/(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end)
Reaction: Hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-D-arabinofuranoside residues in D-arabinans
Other name(s): exo-α-D-arabinofuranosidase; DgGH172a; DgGH172b; DgGH172c; NocGH172; MycGH172; ExoMA1
Systematic name: α-D-arabinofuranoside non-reducing end α-D-arabinofuranosidase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme hydrolyses α-D-arabinofuranosides with (1,3)- and (1,5)-linkages in D-arabinan core structure of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacterial cell wall. cf. EC 3.2.1.55, non-reducing end α-L-arabinofuranosidase; cf. EC 3.2.1.224, D-arabinan exo β-(1,2)-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end); cf. EC 3.2.1.226, D-arabinan endo α-(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Al-Jourani, O., Benedict, S.T., Ross, J., Layton, A.J., van der Peet, P., Marando, V.M., Bailey, N.P., Heunis, T., Manion, J., Mensitieri, F., Franklin, A., Abellon-Ruiz, J., Oram, S.L., Parsons, L., Cartmell, A., Wright, G.SA., Basle, A., Trost, M., Henrissat, B., Munoz-Munoz, J., Hirt, R.P., Kiessling, L.L., Lovering, A.L., Williams, S.J., Lowe, E.C. and Moynihan, P.J. Identification of D-arabinan-degrading enzymes in mycobacteria. Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 2233. [PMID: 37076525]
2. Shimokawa, M., Ishiwata, A., Kashima, T., Nakashima, C., Li, J., Fukushima, R., Sawai, N., Nakamori, M., Tanaka, Y., Kudo, A., Morikami, S., Iwanaga, N., Akai, G., Shimizu, N., Arakawa, T., Yamada, C., Kitahara, K., Tanaka, K., Ito, Y., Fushinobu, S. and Fujita, K. Identification and characterization of endo-α-, exo-α-, and exo-β-D-arabinofuranosidases degrading lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria. Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 5803. [PMID: 37726269]
Accepted name: D-arabinan endo α-(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase
Reaction: Hydrolysis of internal α-D-arabinofuranoside bonds in D-arabinans
Other name(s): endo-D-arabinanase (ambiguous); DgGH4185a; DgGH4185b; MyxoGH4185; PhageGH4185; Mab4185; EndoMA1; EndoMA2.
Systematic name: D-arabinan endo α-(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme hydrolyses α-(1,5)-D-arabinofuranoside bonds in D-arabinan core structure of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacterial cell wall. cf. EC 3.2.1.224, D-arabinan exo β-(1,2)-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end); cf. EC 3.2.1.225, D-arabinan exo α-(1,3)/(1,5)-arabinofuranosidase (non-reducing end).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Kotani, S., Kato, T., Matsuda, T., Kato, K. and Misaki, A. Chemical structure of the antigenic determinants of cell wall polysaccharide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Biken J 14 (1971) 379-387. [PMID: 4113500]
2. Al-Jourani, O., Benedict, S.T., Ross, J., Layton, A.J., van der Peet, P., Marando, V.M., Bailey, N.P., Heunis, T., Manion, J., Mensitieri, F., Franklin, A., Abellon-Ruiz, J., Oram, S.L., Parsons, L., Cartmell, A., Wright, G.SA., Basle, A., Trost, M., Henrissat, B., Munoz-Munoz, J., Hirt, R.P., Kiessling, L.L., Lovering, A.L., Williams, S.J., Lowe, E.C. and Moynihan, P.J. Identification of D-arabinan-degrading enzymes in mycobacteria. Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 2233. [PMID: 37076525]
3. Shimokawa, M., Ishiwata, A., Kashima, T., Nakashima, C., Li, J., Fukushima, R., Sawai, N., Nakamori, M., Tanaka, Y., Kudo, A., Morikami, S., Iwanaga, N., Akai, G., Shimizu, N., Arakawa, T., Yamada, C., Kitahara, K., Tanaka, K., Ito, Y., Fushinobu, S. and Fujita, K. Identification and characterization of endo-α-, exo-α-, and exo-β-D-arabinofuranosidases degrading lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan of mycobacteria. Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 5803. [PMID: 37726269]