An asterisk before 'EC' indicates that this is an amendment to an existing enzyme rather than a new enzyme entry.
[EC 2.7.1.37 Transferred entry: protein kinase. Now divided into EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase), EC 2.7.11.8 (Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase), EC 2.7.11.9 (Goodpasture antigen-binding protein kinase), EC 2.7.11.10 (IkB kinase), EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase), EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase), EC 2.7.1.13 (protein kinase C), EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase), EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase), EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase), EC 2.7.11.25 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase), EC 2.7.11.30 (receptor protein serine/threonine kinase) and EC 2.7.12.1 (dual-specificity kinase). (EC 2.7.1.37 created 1961 (EC 2.7.1.70 incorporated 2004), deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.38 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.19, phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38 created 1961, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.99 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.2, [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase (EC 2.7.1.99 created 1978, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.104 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.99.1, triphosphate—protein phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.104 created 1987, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.109 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.31, [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase (EC 2.7.1.109 created 1984, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.110 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.3, dephospho-[reductase kinase] kinase (EC 2.7.1.110 created 1984, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.112 Transferred entry: protein-tyrosine kinase. Now EC 2.7.10.1, receptor protein-tyrosine kinase and EC 2.7.10.2, non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.112 created 1984, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.115 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.4, [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase (EC 2.7.1.115 created 1986, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.116 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.5, [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] kinase. (EC 2.7.1.116 created 1986, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.117 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.18, myosin-light-chain kinase (EC 2.7.1.117 created 1986, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.120 Transferred entry: caldesmon kinase. Now part of EC 2.7.11.17, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.120 created 1989, modified 1990, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.123 Transferred entry: calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Now part of EC 2.7.11.17, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.123 created 1989, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.124 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.6, [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase] kinase (EC 2.7.1.124 created 1989, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.125 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.14, rhodopsin kinase (EC 2.7.1.125 created 1989 (EC 2.7.1.97 created 1978, incorporated 1992), deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.126 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.15, β-adrenergic-receptor kinase (EC 2.7.1.126 created 1989, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.128 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.27, [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] kinase (EC 2.7.1.128 created 1990 (EC 2.7.1.111 created 1984, incorporated 1992), deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.129 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.7, myosin-heavy-chain kinase (EC 2.7.1.129 created 1990, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.131 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.29, low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase (EC 2.7.1.131 created 1990, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.132 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.28, tropomyosin kinase (EC 2.7.1.132 created 1990, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.135 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.26, tau-protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.135 created 1990, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.1.141 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.11.23, [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase (EC 2.7.1.141 created 1992, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.3.11 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.13.1, protein-histidine pros-kinase (EC 2.7.3.11 created 1989, deleted 2005)]
[EC 2.7.3.12 Transferred entry: now EC 2.7.13.2, protein-histidine tele-kinase (EC 2.7.3.12 created 1989, deleted 2005)]
Common name: receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
Reaction: ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate
Other name(s): AATK; AATYK; AATYK2; AATYK3; ACH; ALK; anaplastic lymphoma kinase; ARK; ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (ambiguous); AXL; Bek; Bfgfr; BRT; Bsk; C-FMS; CAK; CCK4; CD115; CD135; CDw135; Cek1; Cek10; Cek11; Cek2; Cek3; Cek5; Cek6; Cek7; CFD1; CKIT; CSF1R; DAlk; DDR1; DDR2; Dek; DKFZp434C1418; Drosophila Eph kinase; DRT; DTK; Ebk; ECK; EDDR1; Eek; EGFR; Ehk2; Ehk3; Elk; EPH; EPHA1; EPHA2; EPHA6; EPHA7; EPHA8; EPHB1; EPHB2; EPHB3; EPHB4; EphB5; ephrin-B3 receptor tyrosine kinase; EPHT; EPHT2; EPHT3; EPHX; ERBB; ERBB1; ERBB2; ERBB3; ERBB4; ERK; Eyk; FGFR1; FGFR2; FGFR3; FGFR4; FLG; FLK1; FLK2; FLT1; FLT2; FLT3; FLT4; FMS; Fv2; HBGFR; HEK11; HEK2; HEK3; HEK5; HEK6; HEP; HER2; HER3; HER4; HGFR; HSCR1; HTK; IGF1R; INSR; INSRR; insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase; IR; IRR; JTK12; JTK13; JTK14; JWS; K-SAM; KDR; KGFR; KIA0641; KIAA1079; KIAA1459; Kil; Kin15; Kin16; KIT; KLG; LTK; MCF3; Mdk1; Mdk2; Mdk5; MEhk1; MEN2A/B; Mep; MER; MERTK; MET; Mlk1; Mlk2; Mrk; MST1R; MTC1; MUSK; Myk1; N-SAM; NEP; NET; Neu; neurite outgrowth regulating kinase; NGL; NOK; nork; novel oncogene with kinase-domain; Nsk2; NTRK1; NTRK2; NTRK3; NTRK4; NTRKR1; NTRKR2; NTRKR3; Nuk; NYK; PCL; PDGFR; PDGFRA; PDGFRB; PHB6; protein-tyrosine kinase (ambiguous); protein tyrosine kinase (ambiguous); PTK; PTK3; PTK7; receptor protein tyrosine kinase; RET; RON; ROR1; ROR2; ROS1; RSE; RTK; RYK; SEA; Sek2; Sek3; Sek4; Sfr; SKY; STK; STK1; TEK; TIE; TIE1; TIE2; TIF; TKT; TRK; TRKA; TRKB; TRKC; TRKE; TYK1; TYRO10; Tyro11; TYRO3; Tyro5; Tyro6; TYRO7; UFO; VEGFR1; VEGFR2; VEGFR3; Vik; YK1; Yrk
Systematic name: ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type)
Comments: The receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, which can be defined as having a transmembrane domain, are a large and diverse multigene family found only in Metazoans [1]. In the human genome, 58 receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinases have been identified and these are distributed into 20 subfamilies.
References:
1. Robinson, D.R., Wu, Y.M. and Lin, S.F. The protein tyrosine kinase family of the human genome. Oncogene 19 (2000) 5548-5557. [PMID: 11114734]
2. Iwahara, T., Fujimoto, J., Wen, D., Cupples, R., Bucay, N., Arakawa, T., Mori, S., Ratzkin, B. and Yamamoto, T. Molecular characterization of ALK, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed specifically in the nervous system. Oncogene 14 (1997) 439-449. [PMID: 9053841]
3. Lorén, C.E., Scully, A., Grabbe, C., Edeen, P.T., Thomas, J., McKeown, M., Hunter, T. and Palmer, R.H. Identification and characterization of DAlk: a novel Drosophila melanogaster RTK which drives ERK activation in vivo. Genes Cells 6 (2001) 531-544. [PMID: 11442633]
Common name: non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase
Reaction: ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate
Other name(s): ABL; ABL1; ABL2; ABLL; ACK1; ACK2; AGMX1; ARG; ATK; ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (ambiguous); BLK; Bmk; BMX; BRK; Bruton's tyrosine kinase; Bsk; BTK; BTKL; CAKb; Cdgip; CHK; CSK; CTK; CYL; cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase; EMT; ETK; Fadk; FAK; FAK2; FER; Fert1/2; FES; FGR; focal adhesion kinase; FPS; FRK; FYN; HCK; HCTK; HYL; IMD1; ITK; IYK; JAK1; JAK2; JAK3; Janus kinase 1; Janus kinase 2; Janus kinase 3; JTK1; JTK9; L-JAK; LCK; LSK; LYN; MATK; Ntk; p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase; PKB; protein-tyrosine kinase (ambiguous); PSCTK; PSCTK1; PSCTK2; PSCTK4; PSCTK5; PTK2; PTK2B; PTK6; PYK2; RAFTK; RAK; Rlk; Sik; SLK; SRC; SRC2; SRK; SRM; SRMS; STD; SYK; SYN; Tck; TEC; TNK1; Tsk; TXK; TYK2; TYK3; YES1; YK2; ZAP70
Systematic name: ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific)
Comments: Unlike EC 2.7.10.1, receptor protein-tyrosine kinase, this protein-tyrosine kinase does not have a transmembrane domain. In the human genome, 32 non-specific protein-tyrosine kinases have been identified and these can be divided into ten families [1].
References:
1. Robinson, D.R., Wu, Y.M. and Lin, S.F. The protein tyrosine kinase family of the human genome. Oncogene 19 (2000) 5548-5557. [PMID: 11114734]
2. Roskoski, R., Jr. Src protein-tyrosine kinase structure and regulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 324 (2004) 1155-1164. [PMID: 15504335]
EC 2.7.11 Protein-serine/threonine kinases
Common name: non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): A-kinase; AP50 kinase; ATP-protein transphosphorylase; calcium-dependent protein kinase C; calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase; cAMP-dependent protein kinase; cAMP-dependent protein kinase A; casein kinase; casein kinase (phosphorylating); casein kinase 2; casein kinase I; casein kinase II; cGMP-dependent protein kinase; CK-2; CKI; CKII; cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A; cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase; cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase; cyclin-dependent kinase; cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-responsive protein kinase; dsk1; glycogen synthase a kinase; glycogen synthase kinase; HIPK2; Hpr kinase; hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase; hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase; M phase-specific cdc2 kinase; mitogen-activated S6 kinase; p82 kinase; phosphorylase b kinase kinase; PKA; protein glutamyl kinase; protein kinase (phosphorylating); protein kinase A; protein kinase CK2; protein kinase p58; protein phosphokinase; protein serine kinase; protein serine-threonine kinase; protein-aspartyl kinase; protein-cysteine kinase; protein-serine kinase; Prp4 protein kinase; Raf kinase; Raf-1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase II; ribosomal S6 protein kinase; serine kinase; serine protein kinase; serine-specific protein kinase; serine(threonine) protein kinase; serine/threonine protein kinase; STK32; T-antigen kinase; threonine-specific protein kinase; twitchin kinase; type-2 casein kinase; βIIPKC; ε PKC; Wee 1-like kinase; Wee-kinase; WEE1Hu
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific)
Comments: This is a heterogeneous group of serine/threonine protein kinases that do not have an activating compound and are either non-specific or their specificity has not been analysed to date.
References:
1. Damuni, Z. and Reed, L.J. Purification and properties of a protamine kinase and a type II casein kinase from bovine kidney mitochondria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 262 (1988) 574-584. [PMID: 2835010]
2. Baggio, B., Pinna, L.A., Moret, V. and Siliprandi, N. A simple procedure for the purification of rat liver phosvitin kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 212 (1970) 515-517. [PMID: 5456997]
3. Jergil, B. and Dixon, G.H. Protamine kinase from rainbow trout testis. Partial purification and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 245 (1970) 425-434. [PMID: 4312674]
4. Langan, T.A. Action of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent histone kinase in vivo. J. Biol. Chem.244 (1969) 5763-5765. [PMID: 4310608]
5. Takeuchi, M. and Yanagida, M. A mitotic role for a novel fission yeast protein kinase dsk1 with cell cycle stage dependent phosphorylation and localization. Mol. Biol. Cell 4 (1993) 247-260. [PMID: 8485317]
6. Gross, T., Lutzelberger, M., Weigmann, H., Klingenhoff, A., Shenoy, S. and Kaufer, N.F. Functional analysis of the fission yeast Prp4 protein kinase involved in pre-mRNA splicing and isolation of a putative mammalian homologue. Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (1997) 1028-1035. [PMID: 9102632]
7. Wang, Y., Hofmann, T.G., Runkel, L., Haaf, T., Schaller, H., Debatin, K. and Hug, H. Isolation and characterization of cDNAs for the protein kinase HIPK2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1518 (2001) 168-172. [PMID: 11267674]
Common name: [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase
Reaction: ATP + [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] = ADP + [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphate
Glossary: lipoyl group
Other name(s): PDH kinase; PDHK; PDK; PDK1; PDK2; PDK3; PDK4; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating); pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activator protein; STK1
Systematic name: ATP:[pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme has no activating compound but is specific for its substrate. It is a mitochondrial enzyme associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in mammals. Phosphorylation inactivates EC 1.2.4.1, pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, PDB, CAS registry number: 9074-01-5
References:
1. Linn, T.C., Pelley, J.W., Petit, F.H., Hucho, F., Randall, D.D. and Reed, L.J. α-Keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. XV. Purification and properties of the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes from bovine kidney and heart. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 148 (1972) 327-342. [PMID: 4401694]
2. Reed, L.J., Damuni, Z. and Merryfield, M.L. Regulation of mammalian pyruvate and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 27 (1985) 41-49. [PMID: 3004826]
3. Tovar-Mendez, A., Hirani, T.A., Miernyk, J.A. and Randall, D.D. Analysis of the catalytic mechanism of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 434 (2005) 159-168. [PMID: 15629119]
4. Bao, H., Kasten, S.A., Yan, X., Hiromasa, Y. and Roche, T.E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 2 activity stimulated by speeding up the rate of dissociation of ADP. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 13442-13451. [PMID: 15491151]
5. Roche, T.E., Hiromasa, Y., Turkan, A., Gong, X., Peng, T., Yan, X., Kasten, S.A., Bao, H. and Dong, J. Essential roles of lipoyl domains in the activated function and control of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases and phosphatase isoform 1. Eur. J. Biochem. 270 (2003) 1050-1056. [PMID: 12631265]
Common name: dephospho-[reductase kinase] kinase
Reaction: ATP + dephospho-{[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} = ADP + {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase}
Other name(s): AMP-activated kinase; AMP-activated protein kinase kinase; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase kinase; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase kinase (phosphorylating); reductase kinase; reductase kinase kinase; STK30
Systematic name: ATP:dephospho-{[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme is activated by AMP and is specific for its substrate. Phosphorylates and activates EC 2.7.11.31, [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase, that has been inactivated by EC 3.1.3.16, phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 72060-33-4
References:
1. Beg, Z.H., Stonik, J.A. and Brewer, H.B., Jr. Characterization and regulation of reductase kinase, a protein kinase that modulates the enzymic activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (1979) 4375-4379. [PMID: 291971]
2. Ingebritsen, T.S., Lee, H.-S., Parker, R.A. and Gibson, D.M. Reversible modulation of the activities of both liver microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and its inactivating enzyme. Evidence for regulation by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 81 (1978) 1268-1277. [PMID: 666819]
3. Beg, Z.H., Stonik, J.A. and Brewer, H.B., Jr. Phosphorylation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and modulation of its enzymic activity by calcium-activated and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 1682-1687. [PMID: 3155737]
4. Clarke, P.R. and Hardie, D.G. Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase: identification of the site phosphorylated by the AMP-activated protein kinase in vitro and in intact rat liver. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 2439-2446. [PMID: 2369897]
5. Sato, R., Goldstein, J.L. and Brown, M.S. Replacement of serine-871 of hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase prevents phosphorylation by AMP-activated kinase and blocks inhibition of sterol synthesis induced by ATP depletion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 9261-9265. [PMID: 8415689]
Common name: [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase
Reaction: ATP + [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] = ADP + [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphate
Glossary: lipoyl group
Other name(s): BCK; BCKD kinase; BCODH kinase; branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase; branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase; branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase; branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating); STK2
Systematic name: ATP:[3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme has no activating compound but is specific for its substrate. It is a mitochondrial enzyme associated with the branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex. Phosphorylation inactivates EC 1.2.4.4, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, PDB, CAS registry number: 82391-38-6
References:
1. Paxton, R. and Harris, R.A. Isolation of rabbit liver branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase and regulation by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 14433-14439. [PMID: 7142221]
2. Wynn, R.M., Chuang, J.L., Cote, C.D. and Chuang, D.T. Tetrameric assembly and conservation in the ATP-binding domain of rat branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 30512-30519. [PMID: 10903321]
3. Chuang, J.L., Wynn, R.M. and Chuang, D.T. The C-terminal hinge region of lipoic acid-bearing domain of E2b is essential for domain interaction with branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 36905-36908. [PMID: 12189132]
4. Popov, K.M., Hawes, J.W. and Harris, R.A. Mitochondrial α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinases: a new family of protein kinases. Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 31 (1997) 105-111. [PMID: 9344245]
Common name: [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] kinase
Reaction: ATP + [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] = ADP + [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] phosphate
Other name(s): [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)] kinase; ICDH kinase/phosphatase; IDH kinase; IDH kinase/phosphatase; IDH-K/P; IDHK/P; isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating); isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase; STK3
Systematic name: ATP:[isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme has no activating compound but is specific for its substrate. Phosphorylates and inactivates EC 1.1.1.42, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 83682-93-3
References:
1. Wang, J.Y.J. and Koshland, D.E., Jr. The reversible phosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218 (1982) 59-67. [PMID: 6756316]
2. Miller, S.P., Karschnia, E.J., Ikeda, T.P. and LaPorte, D.C. Isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase. Kinetic characteristics of the wild-type and two mutant proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 19124-19128. [PMID: 8702587]
3. Singh, S.K., Matsuno, K., LaPorte, D.C. and Banaszak, L.J. Crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis isocitrate dehydrogenase at 1.55 Å. Insights into the nature of substrate specificity exhibited by Escherichia coli isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 26154-26163. [PMID: 11290745]
4. Oudot, C., Cortay, J.C., Blanchet, C., Laporte, D.C., Di Pietro, A., Cozzone, A.J. and Jault, J.M. The "catalytic" triad of isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase from E. coli and its relationship with that found in eukaryotic protein kinases. Biochemistry 40 (2001) 3047-3055. [PMID: 11258918]
Common name: [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase] kinase
Reaction: ATP + [tyrosine-3-monooxygenase] = ADP + phospho-[tyrosine-3-monooxygenase]
Other name(s): pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase-associated kinase; STK4; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase kinase (phosphorylating)
Systematic name: ATP:[tyrosine-3-monoxygenase] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme has no activating compound but is specific for its substrate, with which it co-purifies. Requires Mg2+. Activates EC 1.14.16.2, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, by phosphorylation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 103537-12-8
References:
1. Pigeon, D., Drissi-Daoudi, R., Gros, F. and Thibault, J. Copurification de la tyrosine hydroxylase due phéochromocytome de rat avec une protéine kinase. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris III 302 (1986) 435-438. [PMID: 2872947]
2. Pigeon, D., Ferrara, P., Gros, F. and Thibault, J. Rat pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase is phosphorylated on serine 40 by an associated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 6155-6158. [PMID: 2883182]
Common name: myosin-heavy-chain kinase
Reaction: ATP + [myosin heavy-chain] = ADP + [myosin heavy-chain] phosphate
Other name(s): ATP:myosin-heavy-chain O-phosphotransferase; calmodulin-dependent myosin heavy chain kinase; MHCK; MIHC kinase; myosin heavy chain kinase; myosin I heavy-chain kinase; myosin II heavy-chain kinase; [myosin-heavy-chain] kinase; myosin heavy chain kinase A; STK6
Systematic name: ATP:[myosin heavy-chain] O-phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme from Dictyostelium sp. (slime moulds) brings about phosphorylation of the heavy chains of Dictyostelium myosin, inhibiting the actin-activated ATPase activity of the myosin. One threonine residue in each heavy chain acts as acceptor. While the enzyme from some species is activated by actin, in other cases Ca2+/calmodulin are required for activity.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 64763-54-8
References:
1. Côté, G.P. and Bukiejko, U. Purification and characterization of a myosin heavy chain kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 1065-1072. [PMID: 3027076]
2. Hammer, J.A., 3rd, Albanesi, J.P. and Korn, E.D. Purification and characterization of a myosin I heavy chain kinase from Acanthamoeba castellanii. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 10168-10175. [PMID: 6309772]
3. Rieker, J.P., Swanljung-Collins, H. and Collins, J.H. Purification and characterization of a calmodulin-dependent myosin heavy chain kinase from intestinal brush border. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 15262-15268. [PMID: 2822719]
4. Ravid, S. and Spudich, J.A. Myosin heavy chain kinase from developed Dictyostelium cells. Purification and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 15144-15150. [PMID: 2549052]
5. Brzeska, H., Lynch, T.J., Martin, B., Corigliano-Murphy, A. and Korn, E.D. Substrate specificity of Acanthamoeba myosin I heavy chain kinase as determined with synthetic peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 16138-16144. [PMID: 2168881]
6. Ravid, S. and Spudich, J.A. Membrane-bound Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain kinase: a developmentally regulated substrate-specific member of the protein kinase C family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 5877-5881. [PMID: 1321427]
7. Futey, L.M., Medley, Q.G., Côté, G.P. and Egelhoff, T.T. Structural analysis of myosin heavy chain kinase A from Dictyostelium. Evidence for a highly divergent protein kinase domain, an amino-terminal coiled-coil domain, and a domain homologous to the β-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 523-529. [PMID: 7822274]
8. Szczepanowska, J., Zhang, X., Herring, C.J., Qin, J., Korn, E.D. and Brzeska, H. Effect of mutating the regulatory phosphoserine and conserved threonine on the activity of the expressed catalytic domain of Acanthamoeba myosin I heavy chain kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 4146-4151. [PMID: 9539704]
9. Egelhoff, T.T., Croft, D. and Steimle, P.A. Actin activation of myosin heavy chain kinase A in Dictyostelium: a biochemical mechanism for the spatial regulation of myosin II filament disassembly. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 2879-2887. [PMID: 15545285]
Common name: Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase
Reaction: ATP + [Fas-activated serine/threonine protein] = ADP + [Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein]
Other name(s): FAST; FASTK; STK10
Systematic name: ATP:[Fas-activated serine/threonine protein] phosphotransferase
Comments: This enzyme is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis. Following Fas ligation, the enzyme, which is constitutively phosphorylated, is dephosphorylated, and it is the dephosphorylated form that causes phosphorylation of TIA-1, a nuclear RNA-binding protein. Phosphorylation of TIA-1 precedes the onset of DNA fragmentation.
References:
1. Tian, Q., Taupin, J., Elledge, S., Robertson, M. and Anderson, P. Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase (FAST) phosphorylates TIA-1 during Fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 182 (1995) 865-874. [PMID: 7544399]
2. Li, W., Simarro, M., Kedersha, N. and Anderson, P. FAST is a survival protein that senses mitochondrial stress and modulates TIA-1-regulated changes in protein expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (2004) 10718-10732. [PMID: 15572676]
Common name: Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + [Goodpasture antigen-binding protein] = ADP + [Goodpasture antigen-binding phosphoprotein]
Other name(s): GPBPK; GPBP kinase; STK11; Goodpasture antigen-binding protein kinase
Systematic name: ATP:[Goodpasture antigen-binding protein] phosphotransferase
Comments: This serine/threonine kinase specifically binds to and phosphorylates the N-terminal region of the human Goodpasture antigen, which is located on the α3 chain of collagen IV and is involved in autoimmune disease.
References:
1. Raya, A., Revert, F., Navarro, S. and Saus, J. Characterization of a novel type of serine/threonine kinase that specifically phosphorylates the human Goodpasture antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 12642-12649. [PMID: 10212244]
2. Raya, A., Revert-Ros, F., Martinez-Martinez, P., Navarro, S., Rosello, E., Vieites, B., Granero, F., Forteza, J. and Saus, J. Goodpasture antigen-binding protein, the kinase that phosphorylates the Goodpasture antigen, is an alternatively spliced variant implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 40392-40399. [PMID: 11007769]
Common name: IκB kinase
Reaction: ATP + [IκB protein] = ADP + [IκB phosphoprotein]
Other name(s): CHUK; IKBKA; IKBKB; IKK; IKK-1; IKK-2; inhibitor of NFκB kinase; inhibitor of NF-κB kinase; STK12; TANK-binding kinase 1; TBK1
Systematic name: ATP:[IκB protein] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme phosphorylates IκB proteins at specific serine residues, which marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway. Subsequent degradation of the IkB complex (IKK) activates NF-κB, a translation factor that plays an important role in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and apoptosis. If the serine residues are replaced by threonine residues, the activity of the enzyme is decreased considerably.
References:
1. Regnier, C.H., Song, H.Y., Gao, X., Goeddel, D.V., Cao, Z. and Rothe, M. Identification and characterization of an IκB kinase. Cell 90 (1997) 373-383. [PMID: 9244310]
2. Mercurio, F., Zhu, H., Murray, B.W., Shevchenko, A., Bennett, B.L., Li, J., Young, D.B., Barbosa, M., Mann, M., Manning, A. and Rao, A. IKK-1 and IKK-2: cytokine-activated IκB kinases essential for NF-κB activation. Science 278 (1997) 860-866. [PMID: 9346484]
3. Zandi, E., Rothwarf, D.M., Delhase, M., Hayakawa, M. and Karin, M. The IκB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, necessary for IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Cell 91 (1997) 243-252. [PMID: 9346241]
4. Viatour, P., Merville, M.P., Bours, V. and Chariot, A. Phosphorylation of NF-κB and IκB proteins: implications in cancer and inflammation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 (2005) 43-52. [PMID: 15653325]
Common name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): AMPK; PKA; PKA C; protein kinase A; STK22
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (cAMP-dependent)
Comments: cAMP is required to activate this enzyme. The inactive holoenzyme of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is a tetramer composed of two regulatory (R) and two catalytic (C) subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP molecules and two free monomeric catalytic subunits [i.e. R2C2 + 4 cAMP = R2(cAMP)4 + 2 C].
References:
1. Technikova-Dobrova, Z., Sardanelli, A.M., Speranza, F., Scacco, S., Signorile, A., Lorusso, V. and Papa, S. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of mammalian mitochondrial proteins: enzyme and substrate characterization and functional role. Biochemistry 40 (2001) 13941-13947. [PMID: 11705384]
2. Andersen, M.D., Shaffer, J., Jennings, P.A. and Adams, J.A. Structural characterization of protein kinase A as a function of nucleotide binding. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry detection. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 14204-14011. [PMID: 11278927]
3. Johnson, K.E., Cameron, S., Toda, T., Wigler, M. and Zoller, M.J. Expression in Escherichia coli of BCY1, the regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 8636-8642. [PMID: 3036817]
4. Haq, E., Sharma, S. and Khuller, G.K. Purification and characterization of cAMP dependent protein kinase from Microsporum gypseum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1474 (2000) 100-106. [PMID: 10699496]
Common name: cGMP-dependent protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): 3':5'-cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase; cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iβ; guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase; PKG; PKG 1α; PKG 1β; PKG II; STK23
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (cGMP-dependent)
Comments: cGMP is required to activate this enzyme. The enzyme occurs as a dimer in higher eukaryotes. The C-terminal region of each polypeptide chain contains the catalytic domain that includes the ATP and protein substrate binding sites. This domain catalyses the phosphorylation by ATP to specific serine or threonine residues in protein substrates [3]. The enzyme also has two allosteric cGMP-binding sites (sites A and B). Binding of cGMP causes a conformational change that is associated with activation of the kinase [4].
References:
1. Gill, G.N., Holdy, K.E., Walton, G.M. and Kanstein, C.B. Purification and characterization of 3':5'-cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73 (1976) 3918-3922. [PMID: 186778]
2. Murthy, K.S. Modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase activity by phosphorylation. Neurochem. Int. 45 (2004) 845-851. [PMID: 15312978]
3. Richie-Jannetta, R., Francis, S.H. and Corbin, J.D. Dimerization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iβ is mediated by an extensive amino-terminal leucine zipper motif, and dimerization modulates enzyme function. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 50070-50079. [PMID: 12933804]
4. Zhao, J., Trewhella, J., Corbin, J., Francis, S., Mitchell, R., Brushia, R. and Walsh, D. Progressive cyclic nucleotide-induced conformational changes in the cGMP-dependent protein kinase studied by small angle X-ray scattering in solution. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 31929-31936. [PMID: 9395542]
Common name: protein kinase C
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): calcium-dependent protein kinase C; calcium-independent protein kinase C; calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase; cPKCα; cPKCβ; cPKCγ; nPKCδ; nPKCε; nPKCη; nPKCθ; PKC; PKCα; PKCβ; PKCγ; PKCδ; PKCε; PKCζ; Pkc1p; protein kinase Cε; STK24
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent)
Comments: A family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that depend on lipids for activity. They can be activated by calcium but have a requirement for the second messenger diacylglycerol. Members of this group of enzymes phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cell-signalling pathways. Members of the protein kinase C family also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumour promoters.
References:
1. Jaken, S. Protein kinase C and tumor promoters. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2 (1990) 192-197. [PMID: 2194521]
2. Parekh, D.B., Ziegler, W. and Parker, P.J. Multiple pathways control protein kinase C phosphorylation. EMBO J. 19 (2000) 496-503. [PMID: 10675318]
3. Valledor, A.F., Xaus, J., Comalada, M., Soler, C. and Celada, A. Protein kinase Cε is required for the induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 29-37. [PMID: 10604989]
4. Lendenfeld, T. and Kubicek, C.P. Characterization and properties of protein kinase C from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. Biochem. J. 330 (1998) 689-694. [PMID: 9480876]
5. Brooks, S.P. and Storey, K.B. Protein kinase C from rainbow trout brain: identification and characterization of three isozymes. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 44 (1998) 259-267. [PMID: 9530509]
Common name: rhodopsin kinase
Reaction: ATP + rhodopsin = ADP + phosphorhodopsin
Other name(s): cone opsin kinase; G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1; GPCR kinase 1; GRK1; GRK7; opsin kinase; opsin kinase (phosphorylating); rhodopsin kinase (phosphorylating); RK; STK14
Systematic name: ATP:rhodopsin phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires G-protein for activation and therefore belongs to the family of G-protein-dependent receptor kinases (GRKs). Acts on the bleached or activated form of rhodopsin; also phosphorylates the β-adrenergic receptor, but more slowly. Does not act on casein, histones or phosphvitin. Inhibited by Zn2+ and digitonin (cf. EC 2.7.11.15, β-adrenergic-receptor kinase and EC 2.7.11.16, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 54004-64-7
References:
1. Benovic, J.L., Mayor, F., Jr., Somers, R.L., Caron, M.G. and Lefkowitz, R.J. Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin by β-adrenergic receptor kinase. Nature 321 (1986) 869-872. [PMID: 3014340]
2. Shichi, H. and Somers, R.L. Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin. Purification and properties of rhodopsin kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 253 (1978) 7040-7046. [PMID: 690139]
3. Palczewski, K., McDowell, J.H. and Hargrave, P.A. Purification and characterization of rhodopsin kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 14067-14073. [PMID: 2844754]
4. Weller, M., Virmaux, N. and Mandel, P. Light-stimulated phosphorylation of rhodopsin in the retina: the presence of a protein kinase that is specific for photobleached rhodopsin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72 (1975) 381-385. [PMID: 164024]
5. Cha, K., Bruel, C., Inglese, J. and Khorana, H.G. Rhodopsin kinase: expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells, and characterization of post-translational modifications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 10577-10582. [PMID: 9380677]
6. Khani, S.C., Abitbol, M., Yamamoto, S., Maravic-Magovcevic, I. and Dryja, T.P. Characterization and chromosomal localization of the gene for human rhodopsin kinase. Genomics 35 (1996) 571-576. [PMID: 8812493]
7. Chen, C.K., Zhang, K., Church-Kopish, J., Huang, W., Zhang, H., Chen, Y.J., Frederick, J.M. and Baehr, W. Characterization of human GRK7 as a potential cone opsin kinase. Mol. Vis. 7 (2001) 305-313. [PMID: 11754336]
8. Willets, J.M., Challiss, R.A. and Nahorski, S.R. Non-visual GRKs: are we seeing the whole picture? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (2003) 626-633. [PMID: 14654303]
Common name: β-adrenergic-receptor kinase
Reaction: ATP + [β-adrenergic receptor] = ADP + phospho-[β-adrenergic receptor]
Other name(s): ATP:β-adrenergic-receptor phosphotransferase; [β-adrenergic-receptor] kinase; β-adrenergic receptor-specific kinase; β-AR kinase; β-ARK; β-ARK 1; β-ARK 2; β-receptor kinase; GRK2; GRK3; β-adrenergic-receptor kinase (phosphorylating); β2ARK; βARK1; β-adrenoceptor kinase; β-adrenoceptor kinase 1; β-adrenoceptor kinase 2; ADRBK1; BARK1; adrenergic receptor kinase; STK15
Systematic name: ATP:[β-adrenergic receptor] phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires G-protein for activation and therefore belongs to the family of G-protein-dependent receptor kinases (GRKs). Acts on the agonist-occupied form of the receptor; also phosphorylates rhodopsin, but more slowly. Does not act on casein or histones. The enzyme is inhibited by Zn2+ and digitonin but is unaffected by cyclic-AMP (cf. EC 2.7.11.14, rhodopsin kinase and EC 2.7.11.16, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, PDB, CAS registry number: 102925-39-3
References:
1. Benovic, J.L., Mayor, F., Jr., Staniszewski, C., Lefkowitz, R.J. and Caron, M.G. Purification and characterization of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 9026-9032. [PMID: 87250541]
2. Kim, C.M., Dion, S.B., Onorato, J.J. and Benovic, J.L. Expression and characterization of two β-adrenergic receptor kinase isoforms using the baculovirus expression system. Receptor 3 (1993) 39-55. [PMID: 8394172]
3. Laugwitz, K.L., Kronsbein, K., Schmitt, M., Hoffmann, K., Seyfarth, M., Schomig, A. and Ungerer, M. Characterization and inhibition of β-adrenergic receptor kinase in intact myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. 35 (1997) 324-333. [PMID: 9349395]
4. Ferguson, S.S., Menard, L., Barak, L.S., Koch, W.J., Colapietro, A.M. and Caron, M.G. Role of phosphorylation in agonist-promoted β2-adrenergic receptor sequestration. Rescue of a sequestration-defective mutant receptor by βARK1. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 24782-24789. [PMID: 7559596]
5. Willets, J.M., Challiss, R.A. and Nahorski, S.R. Non-visual GRKs: are we seeing the whole picture? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (2003) 626-633. [PMID: 14654303]
Common name: G-protein-coupled receptor kinase
Reaction: ATP + [G-protein-coupled receptor] = ADP + [G-protein-coupled receptor] phosphate
Other name(s): G protein-coupled receptor kinase; GPCR kinase; GPCRK; GRK4; GRK5; GRK6; STK16
Systematic name: ATP:[G-protein-coupled receptor] phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires G-protein for activation and therefore belongs to the family of G-protein-dependent receptor kinases (GRKs). All members of this enzyme subfamily possess a highly conserved binding site for 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. (cf. EC 2.7.11.14, rhodopsin kinase and EC 2.7.11.15, β-adrenergic-receptor kinase).
References:
1. Kunapuli, P., Onorato, J.J., Hosey, M.M. and Benovic, J.L. Expression, purification, and characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK5. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 1099-1105. [PMID: 8288567]
2. Premont, R.T., Koch, W.J., Inglese, J. and Lefkowitz, R.J. Identification, purification, and characterization of GRK5, a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 6832-6841. [PMID: 8120045]
3. Willets, J.M., Challiss, R.A. and Nahorski, S.R. Non-visual GRKs: are we seeing the whole picture? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (2003) 626-633. [PMID: 14654303]
Common name: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): ATP:caldesmon O-phosphotransferase; caldesmon kinase; caldesmon kinase (phosphorylating); Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase; Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1; Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV; Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β; calmodulin-dependent kinase II; CaM kinase; CaM kinase II; CAM PKII; CaM-regulated serine/threonine kinase; CaMKI; CaMKII; CaMKIV; CaMKKα; CaMKKβ; microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase; STK20
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent)
Comments: Requires calmodulin and Ca2+ for activity. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including vimentin, synapsin, glycogen synthase, myosin light chains and the microtubule-associated tau protein. Not identical with EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) or EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, PDB, CAS registry number: 97350-82-8
References:
1. Adlersberg, M., Liu, K.P., Hsiung, S.C., Ehrlich, Y. and Tamir, H. A Ca2+-dependent protein kinase activity associated with serotonin binding protein. J. Neurochem. 49 (1987) 1105-1115. [PMID: 3040904]
2. Baudier, J. and Cole, R.D. Phosphorylation of tau proteins to a state like that in Alzheimer's brain is catalyzed by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase and modulated by phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 17577-17583. [PMID: 3121601]
3. Schulman, H., Kuret, J., Jefferson, A.B., Nose, P.S. and Spitzer, K.H. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase: broad substrate specificity and multifunctional potential in diverse tissues. Biochemistry 24 (1985) 5320-5327. [PMID: 4074698]
4. Anderson, K.A., Means, R.L., Huang, Q.H., Kemp, B.E., Goldstein, E.G., Selbert, M.A., Edelman, A.M., Fremeau, R.T. and Means, A.R. Components of a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Molecular cloning, functional characterization and cellular localization of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 31880-31889. [PMID: 9822657]
5. Matsushita, M. and Nairn, A.C. Characterization of the mechanism of regulation of Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I by calmodulin and by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 21473-21481. [PMID: 9705275]
6. Ohmstede, C.A., Jensen, K.F. and Sahyoun, N.E. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase enriched in cerebellar granule cells. Identification of a novel neuronal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 5866-5875. [PMID: 2538431]
7. Rieker, J.P., Swanljung-Collins, H. and Collins, J.H. Purification and characterization of a calmodulin-dependent myosin heavy chain kinase from intestinal brush border. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 15262-15268. [PMID: 2822719]
8. Iwasa, T., Inoue, N., Fukunaga, K., Isobe, T., Okuyama, T. and Miyamoto, E. Purification and characterization of a multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase from canine myocardial cytosol. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248 (1986) 21-29. [PMID: 3089163]
9. Gomes, A.V., Barnes, J.A. and Vogel, H.J. Spectroscopic characterization of the interaction between calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I and calmodulin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 379 (2000) 28-36. [PMID: 10864438]
10. Mal, T.K., Skrynnikov, N.R., Yap, K.L., Kay, L.E. and Ikura, M. Detecting protein kinase recognition modes of calmodulin by residual dipolar couplings in solution NMR. Biochemistry 41 (2002) 12899-12906. [PMID: 12390014]
11. Ngai, P.K. and Walsh, M.P. Inhibition of smooth muscle actin-activated myosin Mg2+-ATPase activity by caldesmon. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 13656-13659. [PMID: 6150036]
12. Ikebe, M., Reardon, S., Scott-Woo, G.C., Zhou, Z. and Koda, Y. Purification and characterization of calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase from smooth muscle: isolation of caldesmon kinase. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 11242-11248. [PMID: 2176896]
Common name: myosin-light-chain kinase
Reaction: ATP + [myosin light chain] = ADP + [myosin light chain] phosphate
Other name(s): [myosin-light-chain] kinase; ATP:myosin-light-chain O-phosphotransferase; calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase; MLCK; MLCKase; myosin kinase; myosin light chain kinase; myosin light chain protein kinase; myosin light-chain kinase (phosphorylating); smooth-muscle-myosin-light-chain kinase; STK18
Systematic name: ATP:[myosin light chain] O-phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires Ca2+ and calmodulin for activity. The 20-kDa light chain from smooth muscle myosin is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors, but more slowly.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, PDB, CAS registry number: 51845-53-5
References:
1. Adelstein, R.S. and Klee, C.B. Purification and characterization of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 7501-7509. [PMID: 6894756]
2. Hathaway, D.R. and Adelstein, R.S. Human platelet myosin light chain kinase requires the calcium-binding protein calmodulin for activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (1979) 1653-1657. [PMID: 156362]
3. Pires, E., Perry, S.V. and Thomas, M.A.W. Myosin light-chain kinase, a new enzyme from striated muscle. FEBS Lett. 41 (1974) 292-296. [PMID: 4853304]
4. Nunnally, M.H., Rybicki, S.B. and Stull, J.T. Characterization of chicken skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase. Evidence for muscle-specific isozymes. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 1020-1026. [PMID: 3881420]
5. Edelman, A.M., Takio, K., Blumenthal, D.K., Hansen, R.S., Walsh, K.A., Titani, K. and Krebs, E.G. Characterization of the calmodulin-binding and catalytic domains in skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 11275-11285. [PMID: 3897230]
6. Mal, T.K., Skrynnikov, N.R., Yap, K.L., Kay, L.E. and Ikura, M. Detecting protein kinase recognition modes of calmodulin by residual dipolar couplings in solution NMR. Biochemistry 41 (2002) 12899-12906. [PMID: 12390014]
7. Sobieszek, A. Enzyme kinetic characterization of the smooth muscle myosin phosphorylating system: activation by calcium and calmodulin and possible inhibitory mechanisms of antagonists. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1450 (1999) 77-91. [PMID: 10231558]
8. Sobieszek, A., Borkowski, J. and Babiychuk, V.S. Purification and characterization of a smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase-phosphatase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 7034-7041. [PMID: 9054394]
9. Fujita, K., Ye, L.H., Sato, M., Okagaki, T., Nagamachi, Y. and Kohama, K. Myosin light chain kinase from skeletal muscle regulates an ATP-dependent interaction between actin and myosin by binding to actin. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 190 (1999) 85-90. [PMID: 10098974]
Common name: phosphorylase kinase
Reaction: 2 ATP + phosphorylase b = 2 ADP + phosphorylase a
Other name(s): dephosphophosphorylase kinase; glycogen phosphorylase kinase; PHK; phosphorylase b kinase; phosphorylase B kinase; phosphorylase kinase (phosphorylating); STK17
Systematic name: ATP:phosphorylase-b phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires Ca2+ and calmodulin for activity. The enzyme phosphorylates a specific serine residue in each of the subunits of the dimeric phosphorylase b. For muscle phosphorylase but not liver phosphorylase, this is accompanied by a further dimerization to form a tetrameric phosphorylase. The enzyme couples muscle contraction with energy production via glycogenolysis—glycolysis by catalysing the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphorylase b [5]. The γ subunit of the tetrameric αβγδ enzyme is the catalytic subunit.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, PDB, CAS registry number: 9001-88-1
References:
1. Krebs, E.G. and Fischer, E.H. The phosphorylase b to a converting enzyme of rabbit skeletal muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20 (1956) 150-157. [PMID: 13315361]
2. Krebs, E.G., Kent, A.B. and Fischer, E.H. The muscle phosphorylase b kinase reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 231 (1958) 73-83. [PMID: 13538949]
3. Rall, T.W., Wosilait, W.D. and Sutherland, E.W. The interconversion of phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b from dog heart muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20 (1956) 69-76. [PMID: 13315351]
4. Nikolaropoulos, S. and Sotiroudis, T.G. Phosphorylase kinase from chicken gizzard. Partial purification and characterization. Eur. J. Biochem. 151 (1985) 467-473. [PMID: 4029141]
5. Farrar, Y.J. and Carlson, G.M. Kinetic characterization of the calmodulin-activated catalytic subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 10274-10279. [PMID: 1931956]
6. Dasgupta, M. and Blumenthal, D.K. Characterization of the regulatory domain of the γ-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. The two noncontiguous calmodulin-binding subdomains are also autoinhibitory. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 22283-22289. [PMID: 7673209]
7. Lowe, E.D., Noble, M.E., Skamnaki, V.T., Oikonomakos, N.G., Owen, D.J. and Johnson, L.N. The crystal structure of a phosphorylase kinase peptide substrate complex: kinase substrate recognition. EMBO J. 16 (1997) 6646-6658. [PMID: 9362479]
Common name: elongation factor 2 kinase
Reaction: ATP + [elongation factor 2] = ADP + [elongation factor 2] phosphate
Other name(s): Ca/CaM-kinase III; calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III; CaM kinase III; eEF2 kinase; eEF2K; EF2K; STK19
Systematic name: ATP:[elongation factor 2] phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires Ca2+ and calmodulin for activity. The enzyme can also be phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of EC 2.7.11.11, cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Elongation factor 2 is phosphorylated in several cell types in response to various growth factors, hormones and other stimuli that raise intracellular Ca2+ [1,2].
References:
1. Mitsui, K., Brady, M., Palfrey, H.C. and Nairn, A.C. Purification and characterization of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III from rabbit reticulocytes and rat pancreas. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 13422-13433. [PMID: 8514778]
2. Hincke, M.T. and Nairn, A.C. Phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 during Ca2+-mediated secretion from rat parotid acini. Biochem. J. 282 (1992) 877-882. [PMID: 1372803]
3. Knebel, A., Morrice, N. and Cohen, P. A novel method to identify protein kinase substrates: eEF2 kinase is phosphorylated and inhibited by SAPK4/p38δ. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 4360-4369. [PMID: 11500363]
4. Sans, M.D., Xie, Q. and Williams, J.A. Regulation of translation elongation and phosphorylation of eEF2 in rat pancreatic acini. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319 (2004) 144-151. [PMID: 15158453]
5. Browne, G.J., Finn, S.G. and Proud, C.G. Stimulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase leads to activation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase and to its phosphorylation at a novel site, serine 398. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 12220-12231. [PMID: 14709557]
6. Ryazanov, A.G. Elongation factor-2 kinase and its newly discovered relatives. FEBS Lett.514 (2002) 26-29. [PMID: 11904175]
Common name: polo kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): Cdc5; Cdc5p; Plk; PLK; Plk1; Plo1; POLO kinase; polo serine-threonine kinase; polo-like kinase; polo-like kinase 1; serine/threonine-specific Drosophila kinase polo; STK21
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (spindle-pole-dependent)
Comments: The enzyme associates with the spindle pole during mitosis and is thought to play an important role in the dynamic function of the mitotic spindle during chromosome segregation. The human form of the enzyme, Plk1, does not phosphorylate histone H1, enolase and phosvitin but it can phosphorylate myelin basic protein and microtubule-associated protein MAP-2, although to a lesser extent than casein [2].
References:
1. Llamazares, S., Moreira, A., Tavares, A., Girdham, C., Spruce, B.A., Gonzalez, C., Karess, R.E., Glover, D.M. and Sunkel, C.E. polo encodes a protein kinase homolog required for mitosis in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 5 (1991) 2153-2165. [PMID: 1660828]
2. Golsteyn, R.M., Mundt, K.E., Fry, A.M. and Nigg, E.A. Cell cycle regulation of the activity and subcellular localization of Plk1, a human protein kinase implicated in mitotic spindle function. J. Cell Biol. 129 (1995) 1617-1628. [PMID: 7790358]
3. Mulvihill, D.P. and Hyams, J.S. Cytokinetic actomyosin ring formation and septation in fission yeast are dependent on the full recruitment of the polo-like kinase Plo1 to the spindle pole body and a functional spindle assembly checkpoint. J. Cell. Sci. 115 (2002) 3575-3586. [PMID: 12186944]
4. Ohkura, H. Phosphorylation: polo kinase joins an elite club. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) R912-R914. [PMID: 14654016]
Common name: cyclin-dependent kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): Bur1; Bur1 Cdk; Cak1; Cak1p; cdc2; cdc2 kinase; Cdc28p; CDK; cdk-activating kinase; Cdk-activating protein kinase; cdk1; cdk2; Cdk2; cdk3; cdk4; cdk5; cdk6; cdk7; cdk8; cdk9; cyclin A-activated cdc2; cyclin A-activated cdk2; cyclin D-cdk6 kinase; cyclin D-dependent kinase; cyclin E kinase; cyclin-A associated kinase; cyclin-dependent kinase 6; cyclin-dependent kinase-2; cyclin-dependent kinase-4; cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase; cyk; D-type cyclin kinase; nclk; neuronal cdc2-like kinase; PCTAIRE-1; STK25
Systematic name: ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase
Comments: Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases requires association of the enzyme with a regulatory subunit referred to as a cyclin. It is the sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases, through the periodic synthesis and destruction of cyclins, that provides the primary means of cell-cycle regulation.
References:
1. Johnson, D.G. and Walker, C.L. Cyclins and cell cycle checkpoints. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 39 (1999) 295-312. [PMID: 10331086]
2. Pan, Z.Q., Amin, A. and Hurwitz, J. Characterization of the in vitro reconstituted cyclin A or B1-dependent cdk2 and cdc2 kinase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 20443-20451. [PMID: 8397207]
3. Yee, A., Wu, L., Liu, L., Kobayashi, R., Xiong, Y. and Hall, F.L. Biochemical characterization of the human cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase. Identification of p35 as a novel regulatory subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 471-477. [PMID: 8550604]
Common name: [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase
Reaction: ATP + [DNA-directed RNA polymerase] = ADP + phospho-[DNA-directed RNA polymerase]
Other name(s): CTD kinase; STK9
Systematic name: ATP:[DNA-directed RNA polymerase] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme appears to be distinct from other protein kinases. It brings about multiple phosphorylations of the unique C-terminal repeat domain of the largest subunit of eukaryotic DNA-directed RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6). The enzyme does not phosphorylate casein, phosvitin or histone.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 122097-00-1
References:
1. Lee, J.M. and Greenleaf, A.L. A protein kinase that phosphorylates the C-terminal repeat domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 3624-3628. [PMID: 2657724]
Common name: mitogen-activated protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Dp38; ERK; ERK1; ERK2; extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK; JNK3α1; LeMPK3; MAP kinase; MAP-2 kinase; MAPK; MBP kinase I; MBP kinase II; microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase; microtubule-associated protein kinase; myelin basic protein kinase; p38δ; p38-2; p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase; p42mapk; PMK-1; PMK-2; PMK-3; pp42; pp44mapk; p44mpk; SAPK; STK26; stress-activated protein kinase
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated)
Comments: Phosphorylation of specific tyrosine and threonine residues in the activation loop of this enzyme by EC 2.7.12.2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) is necessary for enzyme activation. Once activated, the enzyme phosphorylates target substrates on serine or threonine residues followed by a proline [6]. A distinguishing feature of all MAPKs is the conserved sequence Thr-Xaa-Tyr (TXY). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are among the most widespread mechanisms of cellular regulation. Mammalian MAPK pathways can be recruited by a wide variety of stimuli including hormones (e.g. insulin and growth hormone), mitogens (e.g. epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), vasoactive peptides (e.g. angiotensin-II and endothelin), inflammatory cytokines of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischaemic injury.
References:
1. Ray, L.B. and Sturgill, T.W. Characterization of insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein kinase. Rapid isolation and stabilization of a novel serine/threonine kinase from 3T3-L1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (25) 12721-12727. [PMID: 2842341]
2. Rossomando, A.J., Sanghera, J.S., Marsden, L.A., Weber, M.J., Pelech, S.L. and Sturgill, T.W. Biochemical characterization of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases regulated by tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylations. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 20270-20275. [PMID: 1657919]
3. Seger, R., Ahn, N.G., Posada, J., Munar, E.S., Jensen, A.M., Cooper, J.A., Cobb, M.H. and Krebs, E.G. Purification and characterization of mitogen-activated protein kinase activator(s) from epidermal growth factor-stimulated A431 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 14373-14381. [PMID: 1321146]
4. Stein, B., Yang, M.X., Young, D.B., Janknecht, R., Hunter, T., Murray, B.W. and Barbosa, M.S. p38-2, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase with distinct properties. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 19509-19517. [PMID: 9235954]
5. Lisnock, J., Griffin, P., Calaycay, J., Frantz, B., Parsons, J., O'Keefe, S.J. and LoGrasso, P. Activation of JNK3α1 requires both MKK4 and MKK7: kinetic characterization of in vitro phosphorylated JNK3α1. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 3141-3148. [PMID: 10715136]
6. Roux, P.P. and Blenis, J. ERK and p38 MAPK-activated protein kinases: a family of protein kinases with diverse biological functions. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68 (2004) 320-344. [PMID: 15187187]
Common name: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): cMos; cRaf; MAPKKK; MAP3K; MAP kinase kinase kinase; MEKK; MEKK1; MEKK2; MEKK3; MEK kinase; Mil/Raf; MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase; MLTK; MLTKa; MLTKb; REKS; STK28
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated)
Comments: This enzyme phosphorylates and activates its downstream protein kinase, EC 2.7.12.2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) but requires MAPKKKK for activation. Some members of this family can be activated by p21-activated kinases (PAK/STE20) or Ras. While c-Raf and c-Mos activate the classical MAPK/ERK pathway, MEKK1 and MEKK2 preferentially activate the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase(JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway [2]. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are among the most widespread mechanisms of cellular regulation. Mammalian MAPK pathways can be recruited by a wide variety of stimuli including hormones (e.g. insulin and growth hormone), mitogens (e.g. epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), vasoactive peptides (e.g. angiotensin-II and endothelin), inflammatory cytokines of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischaemic injury.
References:
1. Wang, X.S., Diener, K., Jannuzzi, D., Trollinger, D., Tan, T.H., Lichenstein, H., Zukowski, M. and Yao, Z. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel protein kinase with a catalytic domain homologous to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 31607-31611. [PMID: 8940179]
2. Gotoh, I., Adachi, M. and Nishida, E. Identification and characterization of a novel MAP kinase kinase kinase, MLTK. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 4276-4286. [PMID: 11042189]
3. Vojtek, A.B., Hollenberg, S.M. and Cooper, J.A. Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf. Cell 74 (1993) 205-214. [PMID: 8334704]
Common name: tau-protein kinase
Reaction: ATP + [tau-protein] = ADP + O-phospho-[tau-protein]
Other name(s): ATP:tau-protein O-hosphotransferase; brain protein kinase PK40erk; cdk5/p20; CDK5/p23; glycogen synthase kinase-3β; GSK; protein tau kinase; STK31; tau kinase; [tau-protein] kinase; tau-protein kinase I; tau-protein kinase II; tau-tubulin kinase; TPK; TPK I; TPK II; TTK
Systematic name: ATP:[tau-protein] O-phosphotransferase
Comments: Activated by tubulin. Involved in the formation of paired helical filaments, which are the main fibrous component of all fibrillary lesions in brain and are associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 111694-09-8
References:
1. Ishiguro, K., Ihara, Y., Uchida, T. and Imahori, K. A novel tubulin-dependent protein kinase forming a paired helical filament epitope on tau. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 104 (1988) 319-321. [PMID: 2467901]
2. Lund, E.T., McKenna, R., Evans, D.B., Sharma, S.K. and Mathews, W.R. Characterization of the in vitro phosphorylation of human tau by tau protein kinase II (cdk5/p20) using mass spectrometry. J. Neurochem. 76 (2001) 1221-1232. [PMID: 11181841]
3. Michel, G., Mercken, M., Murayama, M., Noguchi, K., Ishiguro, K., Imahori, K. and Takashima, A. Characterization of tau phosphorylation in glycogen synthase kinase-3β and cyclin dependent kinase-5 activator (p23) transfected cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1380 (1998) 177-182. [PMID: 9565682]
4. Aoki, M., Iwamoto-Sugai, M., Sugiura, I., Sasaki, C., Hasegawa, T., Okumura, C., Sugio, S., Kohno, T. and Matsuzaki, T. Expression, purification and crystallization of human tau-protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 56 (2000) 1464-1465. [PMID: 11053853]
Common name: [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] kinase
Reaction: ATP + [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] = ADP + [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] phosphate
Other name(s): acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase kinase (phosphorylating); acetyl-CoA carboxylase bound kinase; acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase; acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase (cAMP-independent); acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase 2; acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2; acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-3 (AMP-activated); acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase kinase; ACK2; ACK3; AMPK; I-peptide kinase; STK5
Systematic name: ATP:[acetyl-CoA carboxylase] phosphotransferase
Comments: Phosphorylates and inactivates EC 6.4.1.2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which can be dephosphorylated and reactivated by EC 3.1.3.17, [phosphorylase] phosphatase. The enzyme is more active towards the dimeric form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase than the polymeric form [5]. Phosphorylates serine residues.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 77000-06-7
References:
1. Jamil, H. and Madsen, N.B. Phosphorylation state of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. I. Linear inverse relationship to activity ratios at different citrate concentrations. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 630-637. [PMID: 2879833]
2. Lent, B. and Kim, K.H. Purification and properties of a kinase which phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 1897-1901. [PMID: 6120170]
3. Munday, M.R. and Hardie, D.G. Isolation of three cyclic-AMP-independent acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinases from lactating rat mammary gland and characterization of their effects on enzyme activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 141 (1984) 617-627. [PMID: 6146523]
4. Mohamed, A.H., Huang, W.Y., Huang, W., Venkatachalam, K.V. and Wakil, S.J. Isolation and characterization of a novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 6859-6865. [PMID: 7907095]
5. Heesom, K.J., Moule, S.K. and Denton, R.M. Purification and characterisation of an insulin-stimulated protein-serine kinase which phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase. FEBS Lett. 422 (1998) 43-46. [PMID: 9475166]
Common name: tropomyosin kinase
Reaction: ATP + tropomyosin = ADP + O-phosphotropomyosin
Other name(s): tropomyosin kinase (phosphorylating); STK
Systematic name: ATP:tropomyosin O-phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme phosphorylates casein equally well, and histone and phosvitin to a lesser extent. The acceptor is a serine residue in the protein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, ERGO, CAS registry number: 90804-56-1
References:
1. deBelle, I. and Mak, A.S. Isolation and characterization of tropomyosin kinase from chicken embryo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 925 (1987) 17-26. [PMID: 3593768]
2. Montgomery, K. and Mak, A.S. In vitro phosphorylation of tropomyosin by a kinase from chicken embryo. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 5555-5560. [PMID: 6325440]
3. Watson, M.H., Taneja, A.K., Hodges, R.S. and Mak, A.S. Phosphorylation of αα- and ββ-tropomyosin and synthetic peptide analogues.
Common name: low-density-lipoprotein-receptor kinase
Reaction: ATP + [low-density-lipoprotein receptor]-L-serine = ADP + [low-density-lipoprotein receptor]-O-phospho-L-serine
Other name(s): ATP:low-density-lipoprotein-L-serine O-phosphotransferase; LDL receptor kinase; [low-density-lipoprotein] kinase; low-density lipoprotein kinase; low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase (phosphorylating); STK7
Systematic name: ATP:[low-density-lipoprotein receptor]-L-serine O-phosphotransferase
Comments: Phosphorylates the last serine residue (Ser-833) in the cytoplasmic domain of the low-density lipoprotein receptor from bovine adrenal cortex. Casein can also act as a substrate but with lower affinity. GTP can act instead of ATP.
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
ERGO,
CAS registry number: 107445-00-1
References:
1. Kishimoto, A., Brown, M.S., Slaughter, C.A. and Goldstein, J.L. Phosphorylation of serine 833 in cytoplasmic domain of low density lipoprotein receptor by a high molecular weight enzyme resembling casein kinase II. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 1344-1351. [PMID: 3100530]
2. Kishimoto, A., Goldstein, J.L. and Brown, M.S. Purification of catalytic subunit of low density lipoprotein receptor kinase and identification of heat-stable activator protein. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 9367-9373. [PMID: 3597414]
Common name: receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
Reaction: ATP + [receptor-protein] = ADP + [receptor-protein] phosphate
Other name(s): activin receptor kinase; receptor type I serine/threonine protein kinase; receptor type II serine/threonine protein kinase; STK13; TGF-β kinase; receptor serine/threonine protein kinase
Systematic name: ATP:[receptor-protein] phosphotransferase
Comments: The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of cytokines regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, recognition and death. Signalling occurs by the binding of ligand to the type II receptor, which is the constitutively active kinase. Bound TGF-β is then recognized by receptor I, which is phosphorylated and can propagate the signal to downstream substrates [1,3].
References:
1. Wrana, J.L., Attisano, L., Wieser, R., Ventura, F. and Massagué, J. Mechanism of activation of the TGF-β receptor. Nature 370 (1994) 341-347. [PMID: 8047140]
2. Massagué, J. and Chen, Y.G. Controlling TGF-β signaling. Genes Dev. 14 (2000) 627-644. [PMID: 10733523]
3. de Caestecker, M.P., Hemmati, P., Larisch-Bloch, S., Ajmera, R., Roberts, A.B. and Lechleider, R.J. Characterization of functional domains within Smad4/DPC4. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 13690-13696. [PMID: 9153220]
Common name: [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase
Reaction: ATP + [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] = ADP + [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] phosphate
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): AMPK; AMP-activated protein kinase; HMG-CoA reductase kinase; β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase; [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH2)] kinase; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase (phosphorylating); hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase; reductase kinase; STK29
Systematic name: ATP:[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme is activated by AMP. EC 1.1.1.34, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) is inactivated by the phosphorylation of the enzyme protein. Histones can also act as acceptors. The enzyme can also phosphorylate hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) and adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (EC 3.1.1.79) [5]. Thr-172 within the catalytic subunit (α-subunit) is the major site phosphorylated by the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase [7]. GTP can act instead of ATP [4]
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
ERGO,
CAS registry number: 172522-01-9
References:
1. Beg, Z.H., Stonik, J.A. and Brewer, H.B., Jr. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: regulation of enzymatic activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 3678-3682. [PMID: 278983]
2. Gibson, D.M. and Ingebritsen, T.S. Reversible modulation of liver hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase. Life Sci. 23 (1978) 2649-2664. [PMID: 216867]
3. Ingebritsen, T.S., Lee, H.-S., Parker, R.A. and Gibson, D.M. Reversible modulation of the activities of both liver microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and its inactivating enzyme. Evidence for regulation by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 81 (1978) 1268-1277. [PMID: 666819]
4. Ferrer, A., Caelles, C., Massot, N. and Hegardt, F.G. Allosteric activation of rat liver microsomal [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)]kinase by nucleoside phosphates. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 368 (1987) 249-257. [PMID: 3689494]
5. Weekes, J., Ball, K.L., Caudwell, F.B. and Hardie, D.G. Specificity determinants for the AMP-activated protein kinase and its plant homologue analysed using synthetic peptides. FEBS Lett. 334 (1993) 335-339. [PMID: 7902296]
6. Crute, B.E., Seefeld, K., Gamble, J., Kemp, B.E. and Witters, L.A. Functional domains of the a1 catalytic subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 35347-35354. [PMID: 9857077]
7. Stein, S.C., Woods, A., Jones, N.A., Davison, M.D. and Carling, D. The regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by phosphorylation. Biochem. J. 345 (2000) 437-443. [PMID: 10642499]
EC 2.7.12 Dual-specificity kinases (those acting on Ser/Thr and Tyr residues)
Common name: dual-specificity kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): ADK1; Arabidopsis dual specificity kinase 1; CLK1; dDYRK2; Mps1p
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ser/Thr- and Tyr-phosphorylating)
Comments: This family of enzymes can phosphorylate both Ser/Thr and Tyr residues.
References:
1. Ali, N., Halfter, U. and Chua, N.H. Cloning and biochemical characterization of a plant protein kinase that phosphorylates serine, threonine, and tyrosine. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 31626-31629. [PMID: 7527390]
2. Lauze, E., Stoelcker, B., Luca, F.C., Weiss, E., Schutz, A.R. and Winey, M. Yeast spindle pole body duplication gene MPS1 encodes an essential dual specificity protein kinase. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 1655-1663. [PMID: 7737118]
3. Menegay, H.J., Myers, M.P., Moeslein, F.M. and Landreth, G.E. Biochemical characterization and localization of the dual specificity kinase CLK1. J. Cell Sci. 113 (2000) 3241-3253. [PMID: 10954422]
4. Lochhead, P.A., Sibbet, G., Kinstrie, R., Cleghon, T., Rylatt, M., Morrison, D.K. and Cleghon, V. dDYRK2: a novel dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase in Drosophila. Biochem. J. 374 (2003) 381-391. [PMID: 12786602]
Common name: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
Other name(s): MAP kinase kinase; MAP kinase kinase 4; MAP kinase kinase 7; MAP kinase or ERK kinase; MAP2K; MAPKK; MAPKK1; MEK; MEK1; MEK2; MKK; MKK2; MKK4; MKK6; MKK7; STK27
Systematic name: ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated)
Comments: This enzyme is a dual-specific protein kinase and requires mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) for activation. It is required for activation of EC 2.7.11.24, mitogen-activated protein kinase. Phosphorylation of MEK1 by Raf involves phosphorylation of two serine residues [5]. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are among the most widespread mechanisms of cellular regulation. Mammalian MAPK pathways can be recruited by a wide variety of stimuli including hormones (e.g. insulin and growth hormone), mitogens (e.g. epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), vasoactive peptides (e.g. angiotensin-II and endothelin), inflammatory cytokines of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischaemic injury.
References:
1. Mordret, G. MAP kinase kinase: a node connecting multiple pathways. Biol. Cell. 79 (1993) 193-207. [PMID: 8004006]
2. Zheng, C.F. and Guan, K.L. Cloning and characterization of two distinct human extracellular signal-regulated kinase activator kinases, MEK1 and MEK2. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 11435-11439. [PMID: 8388392]
3. Wu, J., Harrison, J.K., Dent, P., Lynch, K.R., Weber, M.J. and Sturgill, T.W. Identification and characterization of a new mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MKK2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (1993) 4539-4548. [PMID: 8393135]
4. Alessi, D.R., Saito, Y., Campbell, D.G., Cohen, P., Sithanandam, G., Rapp, U., Ashworth, A., Marshall, C,J, and Cowley, S. Identification of the sites in MAP kinase kinase-1 phosphorylated by p74raf-1. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 1610-1619. [PMID: 8157000]
5. Pham, C.D., Arlinghaus, R.B., Zheng, C.F., Guan, K.L. and Singh, B. Characterization of MEK1 phosphorylation by the v-Mos protein. Oncogene 10 (1995) 1683-1688. [PMID: 7731726]
6. Han, J., Lee, J.D., Jiang, Y., Li, Z., Feng, L. and Ulevitch, R.J. Characterization of the structure and function of a novel MAP kinase kinase (MKK6). J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 2886-2891. [PMID: 8621675]
EC 2.7.13 Protein-histidine kinases
Common name: protein-histidine pros-kinase
Reaction: ATP + protein L-histidine = ADP + protein Nπ-phospho-L-histidine
Other name(s): ATP:protein-L-histidine N-pros-phosphotransferase; histidine kinase (ambiguous); histidine protein kinase (ambiguous); protein histidine kinase (ambiguous); protein kinase (histidine) (ambiguous); HK2
Systematic name: ATP:protein-L-histidine Nπ-phosphotransferase
Comments: A number of histones can act as acceptor.
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
ERGO,
CAS registry number: 99283-67-7
References:
1. Fujitaki, J.M., Fung, G., Oh, E.Y. and Smith, R.A. Characterization of chemical and enzymatic acid-labile phosphorylation of histone H4 using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochemistry 20 (1981) 3658-3664. [PMID: 7196259]
2. Huebner, V.D. and Matthews, H.R. Phosphorylation of histidine in proteins by a nuclear extract of Physarum polycephalum plasmodia. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 16106-16113. [PMID: 4066704]
Common name: protein-histidine tele-kinase
Reaction: ATP + protein L-histidine = ADP + protein Nτ-phospho-L-histidine
Other name(s): ATP:protein-L-histidine N-tele-phosphotransferase; histidine kinase (ambiguous); histidine protein kinase (ambiguous); protein histidine kinase (ambiguous); protein kinase (histidine) (ambiguous); HK3
Systematic name: ATP:protein-L-histidine Nτ-phosphotransferase
Comments: A number of histones can act as acceptor.
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
ERGO,
CAS registry number: 99283-67-7
References:
1. Fujitaki, J.M., Fung, G., Oh, E.Y. and Smith, R.A. Characterization of chemical and enzymatic acid-labile phosphorylation of histone H4 using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochemistry 20 (1981) 3658-3664. [PMID: 7196259]
2. Huebner, V.D. and Matthews, H.R. Phosphorylation of histidine in proteins by a nuclear extract of Physarum polycephalum plasmodia.
Common name: histidine kinase
Reaction: ATP + protein L-histidine = ADP + protein N-phospho-L-histidine
Other name(s): EnvZ; histidine kinase (ambiguous); histidine protein kinase (ambiguous); protein histidine kinase (ambiguous); protein kinase (histidine) (ambiguous); HK1; HP165; Sln1p
Systematic name: ATP:protein-L-histidine N-phosphotransferase
Comments: This entry has been included to accommodate those protein-histidine kinases for which the phosphorylation site has not been established (i.e. either the pros- or tele-nitrogen of histidine). A number of histones can act as acceptor.
References:
1. Kowluru, A. Identification and characterization of a novel protein histidine kinase in the islet beta cell: evidence for its regulation by mastoparan, an activator of G-proteins and insulin secretion. Biochem. Pharmacol. 63 (2002) 2091-2100. [PMID: 12110368]
2. Yoshimi, A., Tsuda, M. and Tanaka, C. Cloning and characterization of the histidine kinase gene Dic1 from Cochliobolus heterostrophus that confers dicarboximide resistance and osmotic adaptation. Mol. Genet. Genomics 271 (2004) 228-236. [PMID: 14752661]
3. Beier, D. and Frank, R. Molecular characterization of two-component systems of Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 2068-2076. [PMID: 10735847]
4. Pflock, M., Dietz, P., SchŠr, J. and Beier, D. Genetic evidence for histidine kinase HP165 being an acid sensor of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 34 (2004) 51-61. [PMID: 15109719]
5. Roberts, D.L., Bennett, D.W. and Forst, S.A. Identification of the site of phosphorylation on the osmosensor, EnvZ, of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 8728-8733. [PMID: 8132603]
EC 2.7.99 Other protein kinases
Common name: triphosphate—protein phosphotransferase
Reaction: triphosphate + [microsomal-membrane protein] = diphosphate + phospho-[microsomal-membrane protein]
Other name(s): diphosphate:microsomal-membrane-protein O-phosphotransferase (erroneous); DiPPT (erroneous); pyrophosphate:protein phosphotransferase (erroneous); diphosphateÑprotein phosphotransferase (erroneous); diphosphate:[microsomal-membrane-protein] O-phosphotransferase (erroneous)
Systematic name: triphosphate:[microsomal-membrane-protein] phosphotransferase
Comments: This enzyme was originally thought to use diphosphate as substrate [1] but this has since been disproved [2]. The activity is observed as the second part of a biphasic reaction after depletion of ATP. Tripolyphosphate is a contaminant of [γ-32P]ATP.
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
ERGO,
CAS registry number: 74092-32-3
References:
1. Lam, K.S. and Kasper, C.B. Pyrophosphate:protein phosphotransferase: a membrane-bound enzyme of endoplasmic reticulum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 (1980) 1927-1931. [PMID: 6246514]
2. Tsutsui, K. Tripolyphosphate is an alternative phosphodonor of the selective protein phosphorylation of liver microsomal membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 261 (1986) 2645-2653. [PMID: 3949741]
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