EC 4.2.3.1 to EC 4.2.3.50
EC 4.2.3.51 to EC 4.2.3.100
EC 4.2.3.151 to EC 4.2.3.229
Accepted name: 7-epi-sesquithujene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = 7-epi-sesquithujene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): TPS4-B73
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (7-epi-sesquithujene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Zea mays, variety B73, gives mainly 7-epi-sesquithujene with (S)-β-bisabolene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids, cf. EC 4.2.3.55 (S)-β-bisabolene synthase. It requires Mg2+ or Mn2+. The product ratio is dependent on which metal ion is present. 7-epi-Sesquithujene is an attractant for the emerald ash borer beetle.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Köllner, T.G., Schnee, C., Gershenzon, J. and Degenhardt, J. The variability of sesquiterpenes emitted from two Zea mays cultivars is controlled by allelic variation of two terpene synthase genes encoding stereoselective multiple product enzymes. Plant Cell 16 (2004) 1115-1131. [PMID: 15075399]
Accepted name: sesquithujene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = sesquithujene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): TPS5-Del1
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (sesquithujene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Zea mays, variety Delprim, gives mainly sesquithujene with (S)-β-bisabolene and (E)-β-farnesene plus traces of other sesquiterpenoids, cf. EC 4.2.3.55 [(S)-β-bisabolene synthase] and EC 4.2.3.47 (β-farnesene synthase). It requires Mg2+ or Mn2+. The exact product ratio is dependent on which metal ion is present.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Köllner, T.G., Schnee, C., Gershenzon, J. and Degenhardt, J. The variability of sesquiterpenes emitted from two Zea mays cultivars is controlled by allelic variation of two terpene synthase genes encoding stereoselective multiple product enzymes. Plant Cell 16 (2004) 1115-1131. [PMID: 15075399]
Accepted name: ent-isokaurene synthase
Reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-isokaurene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): OsKSL5i; OsKSL6
Systematic name: ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, ent-isokaurene-forming)
Comments: Two enzymes of the rice sub-species Oryza sativa ssp. indica, OsKSL5 and OsKSL6, produce ent-isokaurene. A variant of OsKSL5 from the sub-species Oryza sativa ssp. japonica produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene instead [cf. EC 4.2.3.30, ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene synthase].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Xu, M., Wilderman, P.R., Morrone, D., Xu, J., Roy, A., Margis-Pinheiro, M., Upadhyaya, N.M., Coates, R.M. and Peters, R.J. Functional characterization of the rice kaurene synthase-like gene family. Phytochemistry 68 (2007) 312-326. [PMID: 17141283]
2. Xu, M., Wilderman, P.R. and Peters, R.J. Following evolution’s lead to a single residue switch for diterpene synthase product outcome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 7397-7401. [PMID: 17456599]
Accepted name: α-humulene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = α-humulene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): ZSS1
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (α-humulene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Zingiber zerumbet, shampoo ginger, also gives traces of β-caryophyllene.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Yu, F., Okamto, S., Nakasone, K., Adachi, K., Matsuda, S., Harada, H., Misawa, N. and Utsumi, R. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of α-humulene synthase, a possible key enzyme of zerumbone biosynthesis in shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet Smith). Planta 227 (2008) 1291-1299. [PMID: 18273640]
Accepted name: tricyclene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = tricyclene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): TPS3
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; tricyclene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) gives a mixture of tricyclene, camphene, β-myrcene, limonene, and traces of several other monoterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.117. (–)-camphene synthase, EC 4.2.3.15, myrcene synthase and EC 4.2.3.16, (4S)-limonene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Falara, V., Akhtar, T.A., Nguyen, T.T., Spyropoulou, E.A., Bleeker, P.M., Schauvinhold, I., Matsuba, Y., Bonini, M.E., Schilmiller, A.L., Last, R.L., Schuurink, R.C. and Pichersky, E. The tomato terpene synthase gene family. Plant Physiol. 157 (2011) 770-789. [PMID: 21813655]
Accepted name: (E)-β-ocimene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (E)-β-ocimene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (E)-β-ocimene = (3E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene
Other name(s): β-ocimene synthase; AtTPS03; ama0a23; LjEβOS; MtEBOS
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(E)-β-ocimene-forming]
Comments: Widely distributed in plants, which release β-ocimene when attacked by herbivorous insects.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Faldt, J., Arimura, G., Gershenzon, J., Takabayashi, J. and Bohlmann, J. Functional identification of AtTPS03 as (E)-β-ocimene synthase: a monoterpene synthase catalyzing jasmonate- and wound-induced volatile formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 216 (2003) 745-751. [PMID: 12624761]
2. Dudareva, N., Martin, D., Kish, C.M., Kolosova, N., Gorenstein, N., Faldt, J., Miller, B. and Bohlmann, J. (E)-β-ocimene and myrcene synthase genes of floral scent biosynthesis in snapdragon: function and expression of three terpene synthase genes of a new terpene synthase subfamily. Plant Cell 15 (2003) 1227-1241. [PMID: 12724546]
3. Arimura, G., Ozawa, R., Kugimiya, S., Takabayashi, J. and Bohlmann, J. Herbivore-induced defense response in a model legume. Two-spotted spider mites induce emission of (E)-β-ocimene and transcript accumulation of (E)-β-ocimene synthase in Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol. 135 (2004) 1976-1983. [PMID: 15310830]
4. Navia-Gine, W.G., Yuan, J.S., Mauromoustakos, A., Murphy, J.B., Chen, F. and Korth, K.L. Medicago truncatula (E)-β-ocimene synthase is induced by insect herbivory with corresponding increases in emission of volatile ocimene. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 47 (2009) 416-425. [PMID: 19249223]
Accepted name: (+)-car-3-ene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (+)-car-3-ene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Glossary: (+)-car-3-ene = (1S,6R)-3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene
Other name(s): 3-carene cyclase; 3-carene synthase; 3CAR; (+)-3-carene synthase
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-car-3-ene-forming]
Comments: The enzyme reacts with (3S)-linalyl diphosphate twice as rapidly as geranyl diphosphate, but 25 times as rapidly as (3R)-linalyl diphosphate. It is assumed that (3S)-linalyl diphosphate is normally formed as an enzyme bound intermediate in the reaction. In the reaction the 5-pro-R hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is eliminated during cyclopropane ring formation [1,2]. In Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) terpinolene is also formed [4,6]. See EC 4.2.3.113 terpinolene synthase. (+)-Car-3-ene is associated with resistance of Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) to white pine weevil [6].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Savage, T.J. and Croteau, R. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes: regio- and stereochemistry of (+)-3-carene biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 305 (1993) 581-587. [PMID: 8373196]
2. Savage, T.J., Ichii, H., Hume, S.D., Little, D.B. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases from gymnosperms and angiosperms: stereospecificity and inactivation by cysteinyl- and arginyl-directed modifying reagents. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 320 (1995) 257-265. [PMID: 7625832]
3. Savage, T.J., Hatch, M.W. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases of Pinus contorta and related conifers. A new class of terpenoid cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 4012-4020. [PMID: 8307957]
4. Faldt, J., Martin, D., Miller, B., Rawat, S. and Bohlmann, J. Traumatic resin defense in Norway spruce (Picea abies): methyl jasmonate-induced terpene synthase gene expression, and cDNA cloning and functional characterization of (+)-3-carene synthase. Plant Mol. Biol. 51 (2003) 119-133. [PMID: 12602896]
5. Hamberger, B., Hall, D., Yuen, M., Oddy, C., Hamberger, B., Keeling, C.I., Ritland, C., Ritland, K. and Bohlmann, J. Targeted isolation, sequence assembly and characterization of two white spruce (Picea glauca) BAC clones for terpenoid synthase and cytochrome P450 genes involved in conifer defence reveal insights into a conifer genome. BMC Plant Biol. 9 (2009) 106. [PMID: 19656416]
6. Hall, D.E., Robert, J.A., Keeling, C.I., Domanski, D., Quesada, A.L., Jancsik, S., Kuzyk, M.A., Hamberger, B., Borchers, C.H. and Bohlmann, J. An integrated genomic, proteomic and biochemical analysis of (+)-3-carene biosynthesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) genotypes that are resistant or susceptible to white pine weevil. Plant J. 65 (2011) 936-948. [PMID: 21323772]
Accepted name: 1,8-cineole synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate + H2O = 1,8-cineole + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: 1,8-cineole = 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
Other name(s): 1,8-cineole cyclase; geranyl pyrophoshate:1,8-cineole cyclase; 1,8-cineole synthetase
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, 1,8-cineole-forming)
Comments: Requires Mn2+ or Zn2+. Mg2+ is less effective than either. 1,8-Cineol is the main product from the enzyme with just traces of other monoterpenoids. The oxygen atom is derived from water. The reaction proceeds via linalyl diphosphate and α-terpineol, the stereochemistry of both depends on the organism. However neither intermediate can substitute for geranyl diphosphate. The reaction in Salvia officinalis (sage) proceeds via (–)-(3R)-linalyl diphosphate [1-3] while that in Arabidopsis (rock cress) proceeds via (+)-(3S)-linalyl diphosphate [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Croteau, R., Alonso, W.R., Koepp, A.E. and Johnson, M.A. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes: partial purification, characterization, and mechanism of action of 1,8-cineole synthase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 309 (1994) 184-192. [PMID: 8117108]
2. Wise, M.L., Savage, T.J., Katahira, E. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases from common sage (Salvia officinalis). cDNA isolation, characterization, and functional expression of (+)-sabinene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, and (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 14891-14899. [PMID: 9614092]
3. Peters, R.J. and Croteau, R.B. Alternative termination chemistries utilized by monoterpene cyclases: chimeric analysis of bornyl diphosphate, 1,8-cineole, and sabinene synthases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 417 (2003) 203-211. [PMID: 12941302]
4. Chen, F., Ro, D.K., Petri, J., Gershenzon, J., Bohlmann, J., Pichersky, E. and Tholl, D. Characterization of a root-specific Arabidopsis terpene synthase responsible for the formation of the volatile monoterpene 1,8-cineole. Plant Physiol. 135 (2004) 1956-1966. [PMID: 15299125]
5. Keszei, A., Brubaker, C.L., Carter, R., Kollner, T., Degenhardt, J. and Foley, W.J. Functional and evolutionary relationships between terpene synthases from Australian Myrtaceae. Phytochemistry 71 (2010) 844-852. [PMID: 20399476]
Accepted name: (–)-sabinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (–)-sabinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-sabinene = (1S,5S)-1-isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-sabinene-forming]
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Isolated from Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) as cyclase I [1] and from Conocephalum conicum (liverwort) [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Savage, T.J., Hatch, M.W. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases of Pinus contorta and related conifers. A new class of terpenoid cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 4012-4020. [PMID: 8307957]
2. Peters, R.J. and Croteau, R.B. Alternative termination chemistries utilized by monoterpene cyclases: chimeric analysis of bornyl diphosphate, 1,8-cineole, and sabinene synthases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 417 (2003) 203-211. [PMID: 12941302]
Accepted name: (+)-sabinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (+)-sabinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-sabinene = (+)-thuj-4(10)-ene = (1R,5R)-1-isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
Other name(s): SS
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-sabinene-forming]
Comments: Isolated from Salvia officinalis (sage). The recombinant enzyme gave 63% (+)-sabinene, 21% γ-terpinene, and traces of other monoterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.114 γ-terpinene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Wise, M.L., Savage, T.J., Katahira, E. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases from common sage (Salvia officinalis). cDNA isolation, characterization, and functional expression of (+)-sabinene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, and (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 14891-14899. [PMID: 9614092]
2. Peters, R.J. and Croteau, R.B. Alternative termination chemistries utilized by monoterpene cyclases: chimeric analysis of bornyl diphosphate, 1,8-cineole, and sabinene synthases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 417 (2003) 203-211. [PMID: 12941302]
Accepted name: (–)-α-terpineol synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate + H2O = (–)-α-terpineol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-α-terpineol-forming]
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized from Vitis vinifera (grape). Also forms some 1,8-cineole and traces of other monoterpenoids.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Martin, D.M. and Bohlmann, J. Identification of Vitis vinifera (–)-α-terpineol synthase by in silico screening of full-length cDNA ESTs and functional characterization of recombinant terpene synthase. Phytochemistry 65 (2004) 1223-1229. [PMID: 15184006]
2. Lucker, J., Bowen, P. and Bohlmann, J. Vitis vinifera terpenoid cyclases: functional identification of two sesquiterpene synthase cDNAs encoding (+)-valencene synthase and (–)-germacrene D synthase and expression of mono- and sesquiterpene synthases in grapevine flowers and berries. Phytochemistry 65 (2004) 2649-2659. [PMID: 15464152]
Accepted name: (+)-α-terpineol synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate + H2O = (+)-α-terpineol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-α-terpineol-forming]
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized from Santalum album (sandalwood). Also forms some (–)-limonene and traces of other monoterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.16 (4S)-limonene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Jones, C.G., Keeling, C.I., Ghisalberti, E.L., Barbour, E.L., Plummer, J.A. and Bohlmann, J. Isolation of cDNAs and functional characterisation of two multi-product terpene synthase enzymes from sandalwood, Santalum album L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 477 (2008) 121-130. [PMID: 18541135]
Accepted name: terpinolene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = terpinolene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: terpinolene = 1-methyl-4-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclohexene
Other name(s): ag9; PmeTPS2; LaLIMS_RR
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, terpinolene-forming)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Mn2+ is less effective and product ratio changes. Forms traces of other monoterpenoids.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Croteau, R. and Satterwhite, D.M. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Stereochemical implications of acyclic and monocyclic olefin formation by (+)- and (–)-pinene cyclases from sage. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 15309-15315. [PMID: 2768265]
2. Bohlmann, J., Phillips, M., Ramachandiran, V., Katoh, S. and Croteau, R. cDNA cloning, characterization, and functional expression of four new monoterpene synthase members of the Tpsd gene family from grand fir (Abies grandis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 368 (1999) 232-243. [PMID: 10441373]
3. Faldt, J., Martin, D., Miller, B., Rawat, S. and Bohlmann, J. Traumatic resin defense in Norway spruce (Picea abies): methyl jasmonate-induced terpene synthase gene expression, and cDNA cloning and functional characterization of (+)-3-carene synthase. Plant Mol. Biol. 51 (2003) 119-133. [PMID: 12602896]
4. Huber, D.P.W., Philippe, R.N., Godard, K.-A., Sturrock, R.N. and Bohlmann, J. Characterization of four terpene synthase cDNAs from methyl jasmonate-induced Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Phytochemistry 66 (2005) 1427-1439. [PMID: 15921711]
5. Landmann, C., Fink, B., Festner, M., Dregus, M., Engel, K.H. and Schwab, W. Cloning and functional characterization of three terpene synthases from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 465 (2007) 417-429. [PMID: 17662687]
Accepted name: γ-terpinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = γ-terpinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: γ-terpinene = 1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexa-1,4-diene
Other name(s): OvTPS2; ClcTS
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, γ-terpinene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) [1,2], Citrus limon (lemon) [3], Citrus unshiu (satsuma) [4} and Origanum vulgare (oregano) [5]. Requires Mg2+. Mn2+ less effective. The reaction involves a 1,2-hydride shift. The 5-pro-S hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost. Traces of several other monoterpenoids are formed in addition to γ-terpinene.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Alonso, W.R. and Croteau, R. Purification and characterization of the monoterpene cyclase γ-terpinene synthase from Thymus vulgaris. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 286 (1991) 511-517. [PMID: 1897973]
2. LaFever, R.E. and Croteau, R. Hydride shifts in the biosynthesis of the p-menthane monoterpenes α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and β-phellandrene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 301 (1993) 361-366. [PMID: 8460944]
3. Lücker, J., El Tamer, M.K., Schwab, W., Verstappen, F.W., van der Plas, L.H., Bouwmeester, H.J. and Verhoeven, H.A. Monoterpene biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon). cDNA isolation and functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2000) 3160-3171. [PMID: 12084056]
4. Suzuki, Y., Sakai, H., Shimada, T., Omura, M., Kumazawa, S. and Nakayama, T. Characterization of γ-terpinene synthase from Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). Biofactors 21 (2004) 79-82. [PMID: 15630174]
5. Crocoll, C., Asbach, J., Novak, J., Gershenzon, J. and Degenhardt, J. Terpene synthases of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and their roles in the pathway and regulation of terpene biosynthesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 73 (2010) 587-603. [PMID: 20419468]
Accepted name: α-terpinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = α-terpinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: α-terpinene = 1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, α-terpinene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized from Dysphania ambrosioides (American wormseed). Requires Mg2+. Mn2+ is less effective. The enzyme will also use (3R)-linalyl diphosphate. The reaction involves a 1,2-hydride shift. The 1-pro-S hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Poulose, A.J. and Croteau, R. γ-Terpinene synthetase: a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic monoterpenes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 191 (1978) 400-411. [PMID: 736574]
2. LaFever, R.E. and Croteau, R. Hydride shifts in the biosynthesis of the p-menthane monoterpenes α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and β-phellandrene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 301 (1993) 361-366. [PMID: 8460944]
Accepted name: (+)-camphene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (+)-camphene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-camphene = (1R,4S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-camphene-forming]
Comments: Cyclase I of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (+)-camphene and (+)-α-pinene. (3R)-Linalyl diphosphate can also be used by the enzyme in preference to (3S)-linalyl diphosphate. Requires Mg2+ (preferred to Mn2+). See also EC 4.2.3.121 (+)-α-pinene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gambliel, H. and Croteau, R. Pinene cyclases I and II. Two enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) which catalyze stereospecific cyclizations of geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpene olefins of opposite configuration. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 740-748. [PMID: 6693393]
2. Croteau, R., Satterwhite, D.M., Cane, D.E. and Chang, C.C. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic cyclization of (+)- and (–)-linalyl pyrophosphate to (+)- and (–)-pinene and (+)- and (–)-camphene. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 10063-10071. [PMID: 3392006]
3. Wagschal, K.C., Pyun, H.J., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene biosynthesis: isotope effects associated with bicyclic olefin formation catalyzed by pinene synthases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 477-487. [PMID: 8109978]
4. Pyun, H.J., Wagschal, K.C., Jung, D.I., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Stereochemistry of the proton elimination in the formation of (+)- and (–)-α-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 488-496. [PMID: 8109979]
Accepted name: (–)-camphene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (–)-camphene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-camphene = (1S,4R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
Other name(s): CS
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-camphene-forming]
Comments: (–)-Camphene is the major product in Abies grandis (grand fir) with traces of other monoterpenoids [1]. In Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) there are about equal parts of (–)-camphene and (–)-α-pinene with traces of four other monoterpenoids [2,3]. In Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) tricyclene, β-myrcene, limonene, and traces of several other monoterpenoids are also formed [4]. See also EC 4.2.3.15 myrcene synthase, EC 4.2.3.16 (4S)-limonene synthase, EC 4.2.3.119 (–)-α-pinene synthase and EC 4.2.3.105 tricyclene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Bohlmann, J., Phillips, M., Ramachandiran, V., Katoh, S. and Croteau, R. cDNA cloning, characterization, and functional expression of four new monoterpene synthase members of the Tpsd gene family from grand fir (Abies grandis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 368 (1999) 232-243. [PMID: 10441373]
2. Huber, D.P.W., Philippe, R.N., Godard, K.-A., Sturrock, R.N. and Bohlmann, J. Characterization of four terpene synthase cDNAs from methyl jasmonate-induced Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Phytochemistry 66 (2005) 1427-1439. [PMID: 15921711]
3. Hyatt, D.C. and Croteau, R. Mutational analysis of a monoterpene synthase reaction: altered catalysis through directed mutagenesis of (–)-pinene synthase from Abies grandis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 439 (2005) 222-233. [PMID: 15978541]
4. Falara, V., Akhtar, T.A., Nguyen, T.T., Spyropoulou, E.A., Bleeker, P.M., Schauvinhold, I., Matsuba, Y., Bonini, M.E., Schilmiller, A.L., Last, R.L., Schuurink, R.C. and Pichersky, E. The tomato terpene synthase gene family. Plant Physiol. 157 (2011) 770-789. [PMID: 21813655]
Accepted name: 2-methylisoborneol synthase
Reaction: (E)-2-methylgeranyl diphosphate + H2O = 2-methylisoborneol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): sco7700; 2-MIB cyclase; MIB synthase; MIBS
Systematic name: (E)-2-methylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, 2-methylisoborneol-forming)
Comments: The product, 2-methylisoborneol, is a characteristc odiferous compound with a musty smell produced by soil microorganisms.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Wang, C.M. and Cane, D.E. Biochemistry and molecular genetics of the biosynthesis of the earthy odorant methylisoborneol in Streptomyces coelicolor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 8908-8909. [PMID: 18563898]
2. Komatsu, M., Tsuda, M., Omura, S., Oikawa, H. and Ikeda, H. Identification and functional analysis of genes controlling biosynthesis of 2-methylisoborneol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008) 7422-7427. [PMID: 18492804]
3. Giglio, S., Chou, W.K., Ikeda, H., Cane, D.E. and Monis, P.T. Biosynthesis of 2-methylisoborneol in cyanobacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011) 992-998. [PMID: 21174459]
Accepted name: (–)-α-pinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (–)-α-pinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-α-pinene = (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
Other name(s): (–)-α-pinene/(–)-camphene synthase; (–)-α-pinene cyclase
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-α-pinene-forming]
Comments: Cyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (–)-α-pinene, (–)-β-pinene and (–)-camphene, plus traces of other monoterpenoids. (3S)-Linalyl diphosphate can also be used by the enzyme in preference to (3R)-linalyl diphosphate. The 4-pro-S-hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost. Requires Mg2+ (preferred to Mn2+) [1-6]. The enzyme from Abies grandis (grand fir) gives roughly equal parts (–)-α-pinene and (–)-β-pinene. However the clone ag11 gave 35% (–)-limonene, 24% (–)-α-pinene and 20% (–)-β-phellandrene. It requires Mn2+ and K+ (Mg2+ is ineffective) [7-10]. Synthase I from Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) produces (–)-α-pinene with traces of (–)-β-pinene and requires Mn2+ (preferred to Mg2+) [11,12]. The enzyme from Picea sitchensis (Sika spruce) forms 70% (–)-α-pinene and 30% (–)-β-pinene [13]. The recombinant PmeTPS1 enzyme from Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) gave roughly equal proportions of (–)-α-pinene and (–)-camphene plus traces of other monoterpenoids [14]. See also EC 4.2.3.120, (–)-β-pinene synthase; EC 4.2.3.117, (–)-camphene synthase; EC 4.2.3.16, (–)-limonene synthase; and EC 4.2.3.52, (–)-β-phellandrene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gambliel, H. and Croteau, R. Pinene cyclases I and II. Two enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) which catalyze stereospecific cyclizations of geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpene olefins of opposite configuration. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 740-748. [PMID: 6693393]
2. Croteau, R.B., Wheeler, C.J., Cane, D.E., Ebert, R. and Ha, H.J. Isotopically sensitive branching in the formation of cyclic monoterpenes: proof that (–)-α-pinene and (–)-β-pinene are synthesized by the same monoterpene cyclase via deprotonation of a common intermediate. Biochemistry 26 (1987) 5383-5389. [PMID: 3314988]
3. Croteau, R., Satterwhite, D.M., Cane, D.E. and Chang, C.C. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic cyclization of (+)- and (–)-linalyl pyrophosphate to (+)- and (–)-pinene and (+)- and (–)-camphene. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 10063-10071. [PMID: 3392006]
4. Croteau, R. and Satterwhite, D.M. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Stereochemical implications of acyclic and monocyclic olefin formation by (+)- and (–)-pinene cyclases from sage. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 15309-15315. [PMID: 2768265]
5. Pyun, H.J., Wagschal, K.C., Jung, D.I., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Stereochemistry of the proton elimination in the formation of (+)- and (–)-α-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 488-496. [PMID: 8109979]
6. Lu, S., Xu, R., Jia, J.W., Pang, J., Matsuda, S.P. and Chen, X.Y. Cloning and functional characterization of a β-pinene synthase from Artemisia annua that shows a circadian pattern of expression. Plant Physiol. 130 (2002) 477-486. [PMID: 12226526]
7. Lewinsohn, E., Gijzen, M. and Croteau, R. Wound-inducible pinene cyclase from grand fir: purification, characterization, and renaturation after SDS-PAGE. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 293 (1992) 167-173. [PMID: 1731633]
8. Bohlmann, J., Steele, C.L. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). cDNA isolation, characterization, and functional expression of myrcene synthase, (–)-(4S)-limonene synthase, and (–)-(1S,5S)-pinene synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 21784-21792. [PMID: 9268308]
9. Bohlmann, J., Phillips, M., Ramachandiran, V., Katoh, S. and Croteau, R. cDNA cloning, characterization, and functional expression of four new monoterpene synthase members of the Tpsd gene family from grand fir (Abies grandis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 368 (1999) 232-243. [PMID: 10441373]
10. Hyatt, D.C. and Croteau, R. Mutational analysis of a monoterpene synthase reaction: altered catalysis through directed mutagenesis of (–)-pinene synthase from Abies grandis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 439 (2005) 222-233. [PMID: 15978541]
11. Phillips, M.A., Savage, T.J. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) produce pinene isomers and enantiomers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 372 (1999) 197-204. [PMID: 10562434]
12. Phillips, M.A., Wildung, M.R., Williams, D.C., Hyatt, D.C. and Croteau, R. cDNA isolation, functional expression, and characterization of (+)-α-pinene synthase and (–)-α-pinene synthase from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): stereocontrol in pinene biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 411 (2003) 267-276. [PMID: 12623076]
13. McKay, S.A., Hunter, W.L., Godard, K.A., Wang, S.X., Martin, D.M., Bohlmann, J. and Plant, A.L. Insect attack and wounding induce traumatic resin duct development and gene expression of (–)-pinene synthase in Sitka spruce. Plant Physiol. 133 (2003) 368-378. [PMID: 12970502]
14. Huber, D.P.W., Philippe, R.N., Godard, K.-A., Sturrock, R.N. and Bohlmann, J. Characterization of four terpene synthase cDNAs from methyl jasmonate-induced Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Phytochemistry 66 (2005) 1427-1439. [PMID: 15921711]
Accepted name: (–)-β-pinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (–)-β-pinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-β-pinene = (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
Other name(s): β-geraniolene synthase; (–)-(1S,5S)-pinene synthase; geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase (pinene forming)
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (–)-β-pinene-forming]
Comments: Cyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) produces about equal parts (–)-α-pinene, (–)-β-pinene and (–)-camphene, plus traces of other monoterpenoids. The enzyme, which requires Mg2+ (preferred to Mn2+), can also use (3S)-Linalyl diphosphate (preferred to (3R)-linalyl diphosphate) [1-4]. The enzyme from Abies grandis (grand fir) produces roughly equal parts of (–)-α-pinene and (–)-β-pinene [6-9]. Cyclase IV from Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) produces 63% (–)-β-pinene, 26% 3-carene, and traces of α-pinene [10]. Synthase III from Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) forms (–)-β-pinene with traces of α-pinene and requires Mn2+ and K+ (Mg2+ is ineffective) [11]. A cloned enzyme from Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) gave (–)-β-pinene with traces of (–)-α-pinene [5]. The enzyme from Picea sitchensis (Sika spruce) forms 30% (–)-β-pinene and 70% (–)-α-pinene [12]. See also EC 4.2.3.119, (–)-α-pinene synthase, EC 4.2.3.117, (–)-camphene synthase, and EC 4.2.3.107 (+)-3-carene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Croteau, R.B., Wheeler, C.J., Cane, D.E., Ebert, R. and Ha, H.J. Isotopically sensitive branching in the formation of cyclic monoterpenes: proof that (–)-α-pinene and (–)-β-pinene are synthesized by the same monoterpene cyclase via deprotonation of a common intermediate. Biochemistry 26 (1987) 5383-5389. [PMID: 3314988]
2. Croteau, R. and Satterwhite, D.M. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Stereochemical implications of acyclic and monocyclic olefin formation by (+)- and (–)-pinene cyclases from sage. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 15309-15315. [PMID: 2768265]
3. Croteau, R., Satterwhite, D.M., Cane, D.E. and Chang, C.C. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic cyclization of (+)- and (–)-linalyl pyrophosphate to (+)- and (–)-pinene and (+)- and (–)-camphene. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 10063-10071. [PMID: 3392006]
4. Pyun, H.J., Wagschal, K.C., Jung, D.I., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Stereochemistry of the proton elimination in the formation of (+)- and (–)-α-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 488-496. [PMID: 8109979]
5. Lu, S., Xu, R., Jia, J.W., Pang, J., Matsuda, S.P. and Chen, X.Y. Cloning and functional characterization of a β-pinene synthase from Artemisia annua that shows a circadian pattern of expression. Plant Physiol. 130 (2002) 477-486. [PMID: 12226526]
6. Gijzen, M., Lewinsohn, E. and Croteau, R. Characterization of the constitutive and wound-inducible monoterpene cyclases of grand fir (Abies grandis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 289 (1991) 267-273. [PMID: 1898071]
7. Lewinsohn, E., Gijzen, M. and Croteau, R. Wound-inducible pinene cyclase from grand fir: purification, characterization, and renaturation after SDS-PAGE. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 293 (1992) 167-173. [PMID: 1731633]
8. Bohlmann, J., Steele, C.L. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). cDNA isolation, characterization, and functional expression of myrcene synthase, (–)-(4S)-limonene synthase, and (–)-(1S,5S)-pinene synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 21784-21792. [PMID: 9268308]
9. Hyatt, D.C. and Croteau, R. Mutational analysis of a monoterpene synthase reaction: altered catalysis through directed mutagenesis of (–)-pinene synthase from Abies grandis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 439 (2005) 222-233. [PMID: 15978541]
10. Savage, T.J., Ichii, H., Hume, S.D., Little, D.B. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases from gymnosperms and angiosperms: stereospecificity and inactivation by cysteinyl- and arginyl-directed modifying reagents. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 320 (1995) 257-265. [PMID: 7625832]
11. Phillips, M.A., Savage, T.J. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) produce pinene isomers and enantiomers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 372 (1999) 197-204. [PMID: 10562434]
12. McKay, S.A., Hunter, W.L., Godard, K.A., Wang, S.X., Martin, D.M., Bohlmann, J. and Plant, A.L. Insect attack and wounding induce traumatic resin duct development and gene expression of (–)-pinene synthase in Sitka spruce. Plant Physiol. 133 (2003) 368-378. [PMID: 12970502]
Accepted name: (+)-α-pinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (+)-α-pinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-α-pinene = (1R,5R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
Other name(s): (+)-α-pinene cyclase; cyclase I
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-α-pinene-forming]
Comments: Cyclase I of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (+)-α-pinene and (+)-camphene, whereas cyclase III gives about equal parts of (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene. (3R)-Linalyl diphosphate can also be used by the enzyme in preference to (3S)-linalyl diphosphate. The 4-pro-R-hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost. Requires Mg2+ (preferred to Mn2+) [1-4]. With synthase II of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) (+)-α-pinene was the only product [5,6]. Requires Mn2+ (preferred to Mg2+). See also EC 4.2.3.122, (+)-β-pinene synthase, and EC 4.2.3.116, (+)-camphene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gambliel, H. and Croteau, R. Pinene cyclases I and II. Two enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) which catalyze stereospecific cyclizations of geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpene olefins of opposite configuration. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 740-748. [PMID: 6693393]
2. Croteau, R., Satterwhite, D.M., Cane, D.E. and Chang, C.C. Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Enantioselectivity in the enzymatic cyclization of (+)- and (–)-linalyl pyrophosphate to (+)- and (–)-pinene and (+)- and (–)-camphene. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 10063-10071. [PMID: 3392006]
3. Wagschal, K.C., Pyun, H.J., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene biosynthesis: isotope effects associated with bicyclic olefin formation catalyzed by pinene synthases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 477-487. [PMID: 8109978]
4. Pyun, H.J., Wagschal, K.C., Jung, D.I., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Stereochemistry of the proton elimination in the formation of (+)- and (–)-α-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 488-496. [PMID: 8109979]
5. Phillips, M.A., Savage, T.J. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene synthases of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) produce pinene isomers and enantiomers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 372 (1999) 197-204. [PMID: 10562434]
6. Phillips, M.A., Wildung, M.R., Williams, D.C., Hyatt, D.C. and Croteau, R. cDNA isolation, functional expression, and characterization of (+)-α-pinene synthase and (–)-α-pinene synthase from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): stereocontrol in pinene biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 411 (2003) 267-276. [PMID: 12623076]
Accepted name: (+)-β-pinene synthase
Reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (+)-β-pinene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-β-pinene = (1R,5R)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
Other name(s): (+)-pinene cyclase; cyclase III
Systematic name: geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(+)-β-pinene-forming]
Comments: Cyclase III from Salvia officinalis (sage) gives roughly equal parts of (+)-β-pinene and (+)-α-pinene. See EC 4.2.3.121, (+)-α-pinene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Wagschal, K.C., Pyun, H.J., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene biosynthesis: isotope effects associated with bicyclic olefin formation catalyzed by pinene synthases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 477-487. [PMID: 8109978]
2. Pyun, H.J., Wagschal, K.C., Jung, D.I., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R. Stereochemistry of the proton elimination in the formation of (+)- and (–)-α-pinene by monoterpene cyclases from sage (Salvia officinalis). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308 (1994) 488-496. [PMID: 8109979]
Accepted name: β-sesquiphellandrene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = β-sesquiphellandrene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): Tps1; Os08g07100 (gene name)
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, β-sesquiphellandrene-forming)
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Zhuang, X., Kollner, T.G., Zhao, N., Li, G., Jiang, Y., Zhu, L., Ma, J., Degenhardt, J. and Chen, F. Dynamic evolution of herbivore-induced sesquiterpene biosynthesis in sorghum and related grass crops. Plant J. 69 (2012) 70-80. [PMID: 21880075]
Accepted name: 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase
Reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 2-deoxy-L-scyllo-inosose + phosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Other name(s): btrC (gene name); neoC (gene name); kanC (gene name)
Systematic name: D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphate-lyase (2-deoxy-L-scyllo-inosose-forming)
Comments: Requires Co2+ [2]. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several clinically important aminocyclitol antibiotics, including kanamycin, butirosin, neomycin and ribostamycin. Requires an NAD+ cofactor, which is transiently reduced during the reaction [1,4]. The enzyme from the bacterium Bacillus circulans forms a complex with the glutamine amidotransferase subunit of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase (EC 4.3.3.6), which appears to stabilize the complex [6,7].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Kudo, F., Yamauchi, N., Suzuki, R. and Kakinuma, K. Kinetic isotope effect and reaction mechanism of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase derived from butirosin-producing Bacillus circulans. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 50 (1997) 424-428. [PMID: 9207913]
2. Kudo, F., Hosomi, Y., Tamegai, H. and Kakinuma, K. Purification and characterization of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase derived from Bacillus circulans. A crucial carbocyclization enzyme in the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 52 (1999) 81-88. [PMID: 10344560]
3. Kudo, F., Tamegai, H., Fujiwara, T., Tagami, U., Hirayama, K. and Kakinuma, K. Molecular cloning of the gene for the key carbocycle-forming enzyme in the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminocyclitol antibiotics and its comparison with dehydroquinate synthase. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 52 (1999) 559-571. [PMID: 10470681]
4. Huang, Z., Kakinuma, K. and Eguchi, T. Stereospecificity of hydride transfer in NAD+-catalyzed 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminocyclitol antibiotics. Bioorg. Chem. 33 (2005) 82-89. [PMID: 15788164]
5. Thuy, M.L., Kharel, M.K., Lamichhane, R., Lee, H.C., Suh, J.W., Liou, K. and Sohng, J.K. Expression of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase (kanA) from kanamycin gene cluster in Streptomyces lividans. Biotechnol. Lett. 27 (2005) 465-470. [PMID: 15928851]
6. Tamegai, H., Nango, E., Koike-Takeshita, A., Kudo, F. and Kakinuma, K. Significance of the 20-kDa subunit of heterodimeric 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase for the biosynthesis of butirosin antibiotics in Bacillus circulans. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66 (2002) 1538-1545. [PMID: 12224638]
7. Tamegai, H., Sawada, H., Nango, E., Aoki, R., Hirakawa, H., Iino, T. and Eguchi, T. Roles of a 20 kDa protein associated with a carbocycle-forming enzyme involved in aminoglycoside biosynthesis in primary and secondary metabolism. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74 (2010) 1215-1219. [PMID: 20530911]
Accepted name: α-muurolene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = α-muurolene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): Cop3
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate-diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, α-muurolene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized from the fungus Coprinus cinereus. Also gives germacrene A and γ-muurolene, see EC 4.2.3.23, germacrene-A synthase and EC 4.2.3.126, γ-muurolene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Agger, S., Lopez-Gallego, F. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Diversity of sesquiterpene synthases in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mol. Microbiol. 72 (2009) 1181-1195. [PMID: 19400802]
2. Lopez-Gallego, F., Wawrzyn, G.T. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Selectivity of fungal sesquiterpene synthases: role of the active site's H-1α loop in catalysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 7723-7733. [PMID: 20889795]
Accepted name: γ-muurolene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = γ-muurolene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: γ-muurolene = (1S,4aS,8aR)-1-isopropyl-7-methyl-4-methylene-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalene
Other name(s): Cop3
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lase (cyclizing, γ-muurolene-forming)
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized from the fungus Coprinus cinereus. Also gives germacrene A and α-muurolene, see EC 4.2.3.23, germacrene-A synthase and EC 4.2.3.125, α-muurolene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Agger, S., Lopez-Gallego, F. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Diversity of sesquiterpene synthases in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mol. Microbiol. 72 (2009) 1181-1195. [PMID: 19400802]
2. Lopez-Gallego, F., Wawrzyn, G.T. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Selectivity of fungal sesquiterpene synthases: role of the active site's H-1α loop in catalysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 7723-7733. [PMID: 20889795]
Accepted name: β-copaene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = β-copaene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): cop4
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, β-copaene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the fungus Coprinus cinereus. The enzyme also forms (+)-δ-cadinene, β-cubebene, (+)-sativene and traces of several other sequiterpenoids [1-3]. β-Copaene is formed in the presence of Mg2+ but not Mn2+ [2]. See EC 4.2.3.13, (+)-δ-cadinene synthase, EC 4.2.3.128, β-cubebene synthase, and EC 4.2.3.129, (+)-sativene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Agger, S., Lopez-Gallego, F. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Diversity of sesquiterpene synthases in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mol. Microbiol. 72 (2009) 1181-1195. [PMID: 19400802]
2. Lopez-Gallego, F., Agger, S.A., Abate-Pella, D., Distefano, M.D. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Sesquiterpene synthases Cop4 and Cop6 from Coprinus cinereus: catalytic promiscuity and cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate geometric isomers. Chembiochem. 11 (2010) 1093-1106. [PMID: 20419721]
3. Lopez-Gallego, F., Wawrzyn, G.T. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Selectivity of fungal sesquiterpene synthases: role of the active site's H-1α loop in catalysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 7723-7733. [PMID: 20889795]
Accepted name: β-cubebene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = β-cubebene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): cop4; Mg25
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, β-cubebene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the fungus Coprinus cinereus. The enzyme also forms (+)-δ-cadinene, β-copaene, (+)-sativene and traces of several other sequiterpenoids [2-4]. It is found in many higher plants such as Magnolia grandiflora (Southern Magnolia) together with germacrene A [1]. See EC 4.2.3.13, (+)-δ-cadinene synthase, EC 4.2.3.127, β-copaene synthase, EC 4.2.3.129, (+)-sativene synthase, and EC 4.2.3.23, germacrene A synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Lee, S. and Chappell, J. Biochemical and genomic characterization of terpene synthases in Magnolia grandiflora. Plant Physiol. 147 (2008) 1017-1033. [PMID: 18467455]
2. Agger, S., Lopez-Gallego, F. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Diversity of sesquiterpene synthases in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mol. Microbiol. 72 (2009) 1181-1195. [PMID: 19400802]
3. Lopez-Gallego, F., Agger, S.A., Abate-Pella, D., Distefano, M.D. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Sesquiterpene synthases Cop4 and Cop6 from Coprinus cinereus: catalytic promiscuity and cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate geometric isomers. Chembiochem. 11 (2010) 1093-1106. [PMID: 20419721]
4. Lopez-Gallego, F., Wawrzyn, G.T. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Selectivity of fungal sesquiterpene synthases: role of the active site's H-1α loop in catalysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 7723-7733. [PMID: 20889795]
Accepted name: (+)-sativene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-sativene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): cop4
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-sativene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the fungus Coprinus cinereus. The enzyme also forms (+)-δ-cadinene, β-copaene, β-cubebene, and traces of several other sequiterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.13, (+)-δ-cadinene synthase, EC 4.2.3.127, β-copaene synthase, and EC 4.2.3.128, β-cubebene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Agger, S., Lopez-Gallego, F. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Diversity of sesquiterpene synthases in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mol. Microbiol. 72 (2009) 1181-1195. [PMID: 19400802]
2. Lopez-Gallego, F., Agger, S.A., Abate-Pella, D., Distefano, M.D. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Sesquiterpene synthases Cop4 and Cop6 from Coprinus cinereus: catalytic promiscuity and cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate geometric isomers. Chembiochem. 11 (2010) 1093-1106. [PMID: 20419721]
3. Lopez-Gallego, F., Wawrzyn, G.T. and Schmidt-Dannert, C. Selectivity of fungal sesquiterpene synthases: role of the active site's H-1α loop in catalysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 7723-7733. [PMID: 20889795]
Accepted name: tetraprenyl-β-curcumene synthase
Reaction: all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate = tetraprenyl-β-curcumene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): ytpB (gene name)
Systematic name: all-trans-heptaprenyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, tetraprenyl-β-curcumene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from Bacillus subtilis. This sesquarterpene is present in a number of Bacillus species.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Sato, T., Yoshida, S., Hoshino, H., Tanno, M., Nakajima, M. and Hoshino, T. Sesquarterpenes (C35 terpenes) biosynthesized via the cyclization of a linear C35 isoprenoid by a tetraprenyl-β-curcumene synthase and a tetraprenyl-β-curcumene cyclase: identification of a new terpene cyclase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 9734-9737. [PMID: 21627333]
Accepted name: miltiradiene synthase
Reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = miltiradiene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): SmMDS; SmiKSL; RoKSL
Systematic name: (+)-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, miltiradiene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plants Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Salvia miltiorrhiza. The enzyme from the plant Selaginella moellendorffii is mutifunctional and also catalyses EC 5.5.1.12, copalyl diphosphate synthase [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gao, W., Hillwig, M.L., Huang, L., Cui, G., Wang, X., Kong, J., Yang, B. and Peters, R.J. A functional genomics approach to tanshinone biosynthesis provides stereochemical insights. Org. Lett. 11 (2009) 5170-5173. [PMID: 19905026]
2. Sugai, Y., Ueno, Y., Hayashi, K., Oogami, S., Toyomasu, T., Matsumoto, S., Natsume, M., Nozaki, H. and Kawaide, H. Enzymatic 13C labeling and multidimensional NMR analysis of miltiradiene synthesized by bifunctional diterpene cyclase in Selaginella moellendorffii. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 42840-42847. [PMID: 22027823]
3. Bruckner, K., Bozic, D., Manzano, D., Papaefthimiou, D., Pateraki, I., Scheler, U., Ferrer, A., de Vos, R.C., Kanellis, A.K. and Tissier, A. Characterization of two genes for the biosynthesis of abietane-type diterpenes in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) glandular trichomes. Phytochemistry 101 (2014) 52-64. [PMID: 24569175]
Accepted name: neoabietadiene synthase
Reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = neoabietadiene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: neoabietadiene = abieta-8(14),13(15)-diene
Other name(s): PtTPS-LAS
Systematic name: (+)-copaly-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, neoabietadiene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from Abies grandis (grand fir) [1]. This class I enzyme forms about equal proportions of abietadiene, levopimaradiene and neoabietadiene. See also EC 4.2.3.18, abieta-7,13-diene synthase and EC 4.2.3.32, levopimaradiene synthase. An X-ray study of this multifunctional enzyme showed that the class I activity is in the α domain, while (+)-copalyl diphosphate synthase activity (EC 5.5.1.12, a class II activity) is in the β and γ domains [2]. In Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) the major product is levopimaradiene, with less abietadiene and neoabietadiene [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Peters, R.J., Flory, J.E., Jetter, R., Ravn, M.M., Lee, H.J., Coates, R.M. and Croteau, R.B. Abietadiene synthase from grand fir (Abies grandis): characterization and mechanism of action of the "pseudomature" recombinant enzyme. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 15592-15602. [PMID: 11112547]
2. Zhou, K., Gao, Y., Hoy, J.A., Mann, F.M., Honzatko, R.B. and Peters, R.J. Insights into diterpene cyclization from structure of bifunctional abietadiene synthase from Abies grandis. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 6840-6850. [PMID: 22219188]
3. Ro, D.K. and Bohlmann, J. Diterpene resin acid biosynthesis in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): functional characterization of abietadiene/levopimaradiene synthase (PtTPS-LAS) cDNA and subcellular targeting of PtTPS-LAS and abietadienol/abietadienal oxidase (PtAO, CYP720B1). Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 1572-1578. [PMID: 16497345]
Accepted name: α-copaene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (–)-α-copaene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-α-copaene = (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-1,3-dimethyl-8-(propan-2-yl)tricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene
For diagram of the structures of α-copaene and β-copaene, click here
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, α-copaene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from Helianthus annuus (sunflower). The enzyme also produces β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.13 (+)-δ-cadinene synthase, EC 4.2.3.57 (–)-β-caryophyllene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Gopfert, J.C., Macnevin, G., Ro, D.K. and Spring, O. Identification, functional characterization and developmental regulation of sesquiterpene synthases from sunflower capitate glandular trichomes. BMC Plant Biol. 9 (2009) 86. [PMID: 19580670]
2. Xie, X., Kirby, J. and Keasling, J.D. Functional characterization of four sesquiterpene synthases from Ricinus communis (castor bean). Phytochemistry 78 (2012) 20-28. [PMID: 22459969]
Accepted name: 5-phosphooxy-L-lysine phospho-lyase
Reaction: (5R)-5-phosphooxy-L-lysine + H2O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NH3 + phosphate
Other name(s): 5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine ammoniophospholyase; AGXT2L2 (gene name); 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine phospho-lyase; (5R)-5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine phosphate-lyase (deaminating; (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate-forming)
Systematic name: (5R)-5-phosphooxy-L-lysine phosphate-lyase (deaminating; (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate-forming)
Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. Has no activity with phosphoethanolamine (cf. EC 4.2.3.2, ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Tsai, C.H. and Henderson, L.M. Degradation of O-phosphohydroxylysine by rat liver. Purification of the phospho-lyase. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 5784-5789. [PMID: 4412716]
2. Veiga-da-Cunha, M., Hadi, F., Balligand, T., Stroobant, V. and Van Schaftingen, E. Molecular identification of hydroxylysine kinase and of ammoniophospholyases acting on 5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine and phosphoethanolamine. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 7246-7255. [PMID: 22241472]
Accepted name: Δ6-protoilludene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = Δ6-protoilludene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: Δ6-protoilludene = (4aS,7aS,7bR)-3,6,6,7b-tetramethyl-2,4,4a,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1H-cyclobuta[1,2-e]indene
Other name(s): 6-protoilludene synthase
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, Δ6-protoilludene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the fungus Armillaria gallica. Δ6-Protoilludene is the first step in the biosynthesis of the melleolides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Engels, B., Heinig, U., Grothe, T., Stadler, M. and Jennewein, S. Cloning and characterization of an Armillaria gallica cDNA encoding protoilludene synthase, which catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of antimicrobial melleolides. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 6871-6878. [PMID: 21148562]
Accepted name: α-isocomene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (–)-α-isocomene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-α-isocomene = (1R,3aS,5aS,8aR)-1,3a,4,5a-tetramethyl-1,2,3,3a,5a,6,7,8-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pentalene
Other name(s): MrTPS2
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (–)-α-isocomene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the roots of the plant Matricaria chamomilla var. recutita (chamomile). The enzyme also produced traces of five other sesquiterpenoids.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Irmisch, S., Krause, S.T., Kunert, G., Gershenzon, J., Degenhardt, J. and Kollner, T.G. The organ-specific expression of terpene synthase genes contributes to the terpene hydrocarbon composition of chamomile essential oils. BMC Plant Biol. 12 (2012) 84. [PMID: 22682202]
Accepted name: (E)-2-epi-β-caryophyllene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (E)-2-epi-β-caryophyllene + diphosphate
Other name(s): 2-epi-(E)-β-caryophyllene synthase; SmMTPSL26
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (E)-2-epi-β-caryophyllene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plant Selaginella moellendorfii. The enzyme also gives two other sesquiterpenoids.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Li, G., Kollner, T.G., Yin, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, H., Xu, Y., Gershenzon, J., Pichersky, E. and Chen, F. Nonseed plant Selaginella moellendorfii has both seed plant and microbial types of terpene synthases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (2012) 14711-14715. [PMID: 22908266]
Accepted name: (+)-epi-α-bisabolol synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = (+)-epi-α-bisabolol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-epi-α-bisabolol = (2S)-6-methyl-2-[(1R)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]hept-5-en-2-ol
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-epi-α-bisabolol-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plant Phyla dulcis (Aztec sweet herb). (+)-epi-α-Bisabolol is the precursor of the sweetener hernandulcin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Attia, M., Kim, S.U. and Ro, D.K. Molecular cloning and characterization of (+)-epi-α-bisabolol synthase, catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of the natural sweetener, hernandulcin, in Lippia dulcis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 527 (2012) 37-44. [PMID: 22867794]
Accepted name: valerena-4,7(11)-diene synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = valerena-4,7(11)-diene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: valerena-4,7(11)-diene = (4S,7R,7aR)-3,7-dimethyl-4-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene
Other name(s): VoTPS2; VoTPS7
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, valerena-4,7(11)-diene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plant Valeriana officinalis (valerian). Note that due to a different numbering system the product is also known as valerena-1,10-diene.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Pyle, B.W., Tran, H.T., Pickel, B., Haslam, T.M., Gao, Z., Macnevin, G., Vederas, J.C., Kim, S.U. and Ro, D.K. Enzymatic synthesis of valerena-4,7(11)-diene by a unique sesquiterpene synthase from the valerian plant (Valeriana officinalis). FEBS J. 279 (2012) 3136-3146. [PMID: 22776156]
2. Yeo, Y.S., Nybo, S.E., Chittiboyina, A.G., Weerasooriya, A.D., Wang, Y.H., Gongora-Castillo, E., Vaillancourt, B., Buell, C.R., DellaPenna, D., Celiz, M.D., Jones, A.D., Wurtele, E.S., Ransom, N., Dudareva, N., Shaaban, K.A., Tibrewal, N., Chandra, S., Smillie, T., Khan, I.A., Coates, R.M., Watt, D.S. and Chappell, J. Functional identification of valerena-1,10-diene synthase, a terpene synthase catalyzing a unique chemical cascade in the biosynthesis of biologically active sesquiterpenes in Valeriana officinalis. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (2013) 3163-3173. [PMID: 23243312]
Accepted name: cis-abienol synthase
Reaction: (13E)-8α-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl diphosphate = cis-abienol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: cis-abienol = (12Z)-labda-12,14-dien-8α-ol
(13E)-8α-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl diphosphate = 8-hydroxycopalyl diphosphate
Other name(s): Z-abienol synthase; CAS; ABS
Systematic name: (13E)-8α-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl-diphosphate-lyase (cis-abienol forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plants Abies balsamea (balsam fir) [1] and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Zerbe, P., Chiang, A., Yuen, M., Hamberger, B., Hamberger, B., Draper, J.A., Britton, R. and Bohlmann, J. Bifunctional cis-abienol synthase from Abies balsamea discovered by transcriptome sequencing and its implications for diterpenoid fragrance production. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 12121-12131. [PMID: 22337889]
2. Sallaud, C., Giacalone, C., Topfer, R., Goepfert, S., Bakaher, N., Rosti, S. and Tissier, A. Characterization of two genes for the biosynthesis of the labdane diterpene Z-abienol in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) glandular trichomes. Plant J. 72 (2012) 1-17. [PMID: 22672125]
Accepted name: sclareol synthase
Reaction: (13E)-8α-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl diphosphate + H2O = sclareol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here
Glossary: sclareol = (13R)-labd-14-ene-8α,13-diol
(13E)-8α-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl diphosphate = 8-hydroxycopalyl diphosphate
Other name(s): SS
Systematic name: (13E)-8α-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl-diphosphate-lyase (sclareol forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plant Salvia sclarea (clary sage). Originally thought to be synthesized in one step from geranylgeranyl diphosphate it is now known to require two enzymes, EC 4.2.1.133, copal-8-ol diphosphate synthase and EC 4.2.3.141, sclareol synthase. Sclareol is used in perfumery.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Caniard, A., Zerbe, P., Legrand, S., Cohade, A., Valot, N., Magnard, J.L., Bohlmann, J. and Legendre, L. Discovery and functional characterization of two diterpene synthases for sclareol biosynthesis in Salvia sclarea (L.) and their relevance for perfume manufacture. BMC Plant Biol. 12 (2012) 119. [PMID: 22834731]
Accepted name: 7-epizingiberene synthase [(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing]
Reaction: (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate = 7-epizingiberene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: 7-epizingiberene = (5R)-2-methyl-5-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]cyclohexa-1,3-diene
Other name(s): ShZIS (gene name)
Systematic name: (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl-diphosphate lyase (cyclizing; 7-epizingiberene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plant Solanum habrochaites. 7-Epizingiberene is a whitefly repellant.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Bleeker, P.M., Mirabella, R., Diergaarde, P.J., Vandoorn, A., Tissier, A., Kant, M.R., Prins, M., de Vos, M., Haring, M.A. and Schuurink, R.C. Improved herbivore resistance in cultivated tomato with the sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathway from a wild relative. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (2012) 20124-20129. [PMID: 23169639]
Accepted name: kunzeaol synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = kunzeaol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: kunzeaol = 6β-hydroxygermacra-1(10),4-diene = (1R,2E,6E,10R)-3,7-dimethyl-10-isopropylcyclodeca-2,6-dienol
Other name(s): TgTPS2 (gene name)
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (kunzeaol forming)
Comments: Isolated from the root of the plant Thapsia garganica. The enzyme also produces germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.77, (+)-germacrene D synthase and EC 4.2.3.100, bicyclogermacrene synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Pickel, B., Drew, D.P., Manczak, T., Weitzel, C., Simonsen, H.T. and Ro, D.K. Identification and characterization of a kunzeaol synthase from Thapsia garganica: implications for the biosynthesis of the pharmaceutical thapsigargin. Biochem. J. 448 (2012) 261-271. [PMID: 22938155]
Accepted name: geranyllinalool synthase
Reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H2O = (6E,10E)-geranyllinalool + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate = (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl diphosphate
(E,E)-geranyllinalool = (6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-1,6,10,14-tetraen-3-ol
Other name(s): TPS04/GES; GES
Systematic name: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((E,E)-geranyllinalool-forming)
Comments: The enzyme is a component of the herbivore-induced indirect defense system. The product, (E,E)-geranyllinalool, is a precursor to the volatile compound 4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT), which is released by many plants in response to damage.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Herde, M., Gartner, K., Kollner, T.G., Fode, B., Boland, W., Gershenzon, J., Gatz, C. and Tholl, D. Identification and regulation of TPS04/GES, an Arabidopsis geranyllinalool synthase catalyzing the first step in the formation of the insect-induced volatile C16-homoterpene TMTT. Plant Cell 20 (2008) 1152-1168. [PMID: 18398052]
2. Attaran, E., Rostas, M. and Zeier, J. Pseudomonas syringae elicits emission of the terpenoid (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene in Arabidopsis leaves via jasmonate signaling and expression of the terpene synthase TPS4. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 21 (2008) 1482-1497. [PMID: 18842097]
Accepted name: ophiobolin F synthase
Reaction: (2E,6E,10E,14E)-geranylfarnesyl diphosphate + H2O = ophiobolin F + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Systematic name: (2E,6E,10E,14E)-geranylfarnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, ophiobolin-F-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the fungus Aspergillus clavatus. The product is a sesterterpenoid (C25 terpenoid).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Chiba, R., Minami, A., Gomi, K. and Oikawa, H. Identification of ophiobolin F synthase by a genome mining approach: a sesterterpene synthase from Aspergillus clavatus. Org. Lett. 15 (2013) 594-597. [PMID: 23324037]
Accepted name: cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol synthase
Reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H2O = cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here and mechanism click here.
Glossary: cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol = (1S,3aS,4R,7S,9aS,10aS)-1,4,9a-trimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,3a,4,5,7,8,9,9a,10,10a-dodecahydrodicyclopenta[a,d][8]annulen-4-ol
Other name(s): cetB2
Systematic name: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol-forming)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces melanosporofaciens, where it is part of the biosynthesis of cyclooctatin, a potent inhibitor of lysophospholipase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Kim, S.Y., Zhao, P., Igarashi, M., Sawa, R., Tomita, T., Nishiyama, M. and Kuzuyama, T. Cloning and heterologous expression of the cyclooctatin biosynthetic gene cluster afford a diterpene cyclase and two P450 hydroxylases. Chem. Biol. 16 (2009) 736-743. [PMID: 19635410]
2. Zhang, X., Shang, G., Gu, L. and Shen, Y. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the diterpene cyclooctatin synthase (CYC) from Streptomyces sp. LZ35. Acta Crystallogr. F Struct. Biol. Commun. 70 (2014) 366-369. [PMID: 24598929]
Accepted name: pimaradiene synthase
Reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = pimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): PbmPIM1; PcmPIM1
Systematic name: (+)-copalyl diphosphate-lyase (pimara-8(14),15-diene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plants Pinus banksiana (jack pine) and Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hall, D.E., Zerbe, P., Jancsik, S., Quesada, A.L., Dullat, H., Madilao, L.L., Yuen, M. and Bohlmann, J. Evolution of conifer diterpene synthases: diterpene resin acid biosynthesis in lodgepole pine and jack pine involves monofunctional and bifunctional diterpene synthases. Plant Physiol. 161 (2013) 600-616. [PMID: 23370714]
Accepted name: cembrene C synthase
Reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate = cembrene C + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: cembrene C = (1E,5E,9E)-1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclotetradeca-1,5,9-triene
Other name(s): DtcycA (gene name)
Systematic name: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cembrene-C-forming)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. SANK 60404. This bifunctional enzyme also produces (R)-nephthenol. See EC 4.2.3.149, nephthenol synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Meguro, A., Tomita, T., Nishiyama, M. and Kuzuyama, T. Identification and characterization of bacterial diterpene cyclases that synthesize the cembrane skeleton. Chembiochem 14 (2013) 316-321. [PMID: 23386483]
Accepted name: nephthenol synthase
Reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H2O = (R)-nephthenol + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (R)-nephthenol = 2-[(1R,3E,7E,11E)-4,8,12-trimethyltetradeca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl]propan-2-ol
Other name(s): DtcycA (gene name); DtcycB (gene name)
Systematic name: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(R)-nephthenol-forming]
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Two isozymes with this activity were isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. SANK 60404. The enzyme encoded by the DtcycA gene also produces cembrene C (see EC 4.2.3.148, cembrene C synthase), while the enzyme encoded by the DtcycB gene also produces (R)-cembrene A and (1S,4E,8E,12E)-2,2,5,9,13-pentamethylcyclopentadeca-4,8,12-trien-1-ol (see EC 4.2.3.150, cembrene A synthase, and EC 4.2.3.151, pentamethylcyclopentadecatrienol synthase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Meguro, A., Tomita, T., Nishiyama, M. and Kuzuyama, T. Identification and characterization of bacterial diterpene cyclases that synthesize the cembrane skeleton. Chembiochem 14 (2013) 316-321. [PMID: 23386483]
Accepted name: cembrene A synthase
Reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate = (R)-cembrene A + diphosphate
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: cembrene A = (1E,5E,9E,12R)-1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(propan-2-en-2-yl)cyclotetradeca-1,5,9-triene
Other name(s): DtcycB (gene name)
Systematic name: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(R)-cembrene-A-forming]
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. SANK 60404. This trifunctional enzyme, which contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster, also produces (R)-nephthenol and (1S,4E,8E,12E)-2,2,5,9,13-pentamethylcyclopentadeca-4,8,12-trien-1-ol. See EC 4.2.3.149, nephthenol synthase and EC 4.2.3.151, pentamethylcyclopentadecatrienol synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Meguro, A., Tomita, T., Nishiyama, M. and Kuzuyama, T. Identification and characterization of bacterial diterpene cyclases that synthesize the cembrane skeleton. Chembiochem 14 (2013) 316-321. [PMID: 23386483]